Tobacco, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular risk, and cancer: Classical approaches and new alternatives
1 Cerro del Aire Health Care Center, Madrid, Spain.
2 Cardiology department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
3 Aguadulce Sur’ Clinical Management Unit, Almería, Spain.
4 Emergency department, Nuestra Señora del Rosario University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
Review Article
GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(01), 371–384.
Article DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.21.1.0369
Publication history:
Received on 03 September 2024; revised on 15 October 2024; accepted on 17 October 2024
Abstract:
Smoking tobacco is the main preventable aetiological factor of mortality worldwide, with a significant impact on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Smoking cessation and prevention must be prioritized in health care and legislative initiatives to reduce mortality and associated complications. To date, pharmacological treatments and behavioural therapies, along with community strategies, have been shown to be the most effective methods, especially when used in combination with a coordinated approach. However, their efficacy remains suboptimal and diminishes over time due to the high frequency of relapse. Data from the survey on alcohol and other drugs in Spain (EDADES) of the Spanish National Health System showed that the percentage of smokers has hardly decreased in recent decades and that many smokers do not intend to give up smoking, even those who have already suffered from some complications. In this context, the development of new products such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco may have some application in the population. The FDA recognition of risk-modifying products, the British Health System reports on electronic cigarettes, and the recommendations of the American College of Cardiology expert consensus on smoking cessation, among others, indicates the need to consider updating the multifactorial and multidisciplinary approach of smoking and its consequences.
Keywords:
Tobacco; Pharmacological treatment; Behavioural therapy; Tobacco risk-modifying products
Full text article in PDF:
Copyright information:
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0
