Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of selected heavy metals in soil and groundwater at mechanic workshops in Ilesa, Nigeria
1 Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
2 Department of Chemistry, Institute for lasers, Photonics and Bio photonics, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260.
3 Department of Pharmacology, Sa’adu Zungur University Gadau, Bauchi State.
4 Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, United States.
5 Department of Marine Biology, University of Lagos.
6 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Jos.
Research Article
GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 22(01), 169-181.
Article DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2025.22.1.0005
Publication history:
Received on 03 December 2024; revised on 12 January 2025; accepted on 14 January 2025
Abstract:
This study examines heavy metal pollution and associated health risks in soil and groundwater at mechanic workshops in Ilesa, south western Nigeria. Heavy metals analyzed (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, As) were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Soil concentrations exceeded target values for most metals, while groundwater levels surpassed permissible limits, except for Cu and Fe. Health risk assessments showed total hazard index (HI) values of 1.81 × 10³ for children, indicating high non-carcinogenic risks, while adult HI was 2.1 × 10⁻¹, below the threshold. Carcinogenic risks for Cr, Ni, and Pb exceeded the acceptable range for both age groups, with ingestion being the primary exposure pathway. Groundwater posed significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, particularly from Pb and Cr, while as remained within safe limits. Children were found to be at greater risk than adults.
Keywords:
Human health risks; Daily exposure; Hazard index; Llesa
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Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0
