Early detection of the low dose of Lead exposure prevents mental disorders using non-invasive fluorescence and multi-omics
Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY.
Review Article
GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2022, 12(01), 120–125.
Article DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2022.12.1.0183
Publication history:
Received on 08 June 2022; revised on 15 June 2022; accepted on 17 June 2022
Abstract:
Lead poisoning is an epidemic that can affect anyone. Lead toxicity most commonly affects children and causes neurodevelopmental problems chronically. Lead is a heavy metal that alters calcium metabolism and deactivates enzymes essential in activating heme in the blood. Heme is an integral part of homeostasis and body defense in the shuttling of oxygen throughout the tissues, most notably the brain metabolism. The lack of oxygen throughout the brain slows down brain development (e.g., Neuronal cell migration, polarization, neuronal cell differentiation) and leads to lower IQs, learning disabilities, and lifelong ailments. The most common form of lead exposure comes from lead-based paint, toys, cosmetic materials, other household materials, various environments, and occupational pollutants. The current biomarkers used for lead toxicity successfully detect current lead levels in the blood but are not excellent at determining duration. Bone-Pb allows for the detection of lead toxicity duration, but it is not widely accepted throughout the United States. Significant limitations exist because all biomarkers test for lead poisoning after it has already happened which makes it challenging to prevent lead exposure in a clinical setting. Prevention needs to happen at the governmental and, more importantly at the individual levels. The focus of this study is on lead toxicity and prevention followed by reducing risk and improvement of detection utilized tools-driven molecular-based assessment along with visual imaging technique. It examines how lead finds its way into the human body for storage or metabolomic by-products. Identifying the risks of exposure would inform the mechanisms that can be employed to prevent further exposure and toxicity in other organs or intervene with metabolism or biotransformation. It predicts the potential counteract mechanisms through which lead affects the health of pregnant mothers, or interaction between prenatal, or the unborn, and post-natal status, different stages of developmental, and post-menopausal women. The study outlines the various ways of detecting the presence of low levels of lead in the blood and bones using non-invasive fluorescence combined with multidimensional omics such as metabolomic and proteomic by which early detection of organ dysfunction can be used to monitor Ca2+ metabolism in the cell or tissue/organ level before the onset of disease
Keywords:
Lead poisoning; Exposure assessment; Environmental injustice; Heme production; Non-invasive X-ray fluorescence
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