Nexus between energy intensity, human capital development, Trade and environmental quality in LIC, LMIC and UMIC: Evidence from GMM
School of Business and Economics, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Research Article
GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2022, 13(02), 051–068.
Article DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2022.13.2.0293
Publication history:
Received on 28 September 2022; revised on 31 October 2022; accepted on 02 November 2022
Abstract:
All countries, especially those still on the path to economic development, must work hard to protect the environment. The state with the most economic policy discussion and development because of its focus on fair economic growth, protecting the environment, saving energy, and ensuring there is enough energy for everyone. According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, we should look for a U-shaped link between rising wealth per capita and emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), agricultural methane (ACH4), and carbon monoxide (C.O.) (CO2). We also examine the links between G.D.P. growth, energy intensity, foreign direct investment (FDI), human capital, and CO2 emissions. Using a panel generalized linear model (G.M.M.), we found that trade increases emissions of N2O, ACH4, and CO2 by a large amount for all of S.S.A. and its income groups (Upper-Middle-Income Countries (UMIC), Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), and Low-Income Countries (L.I.C.)). We think that the EKC proves that future emission reductions are possible and that trade hurts the environment in all sample countries, no matter how developed their economies are. On the policy side, the research showed that domestic trade liberalization and foreign control of the economy are bad and that industrialization must be done in a way that is both energy efficient and secure.
Keywords:
Environmental quality; Trade; Energy intensity; Foreign direct investment; Environmental Kuznets curve
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