Diversity of foliage insects around different canal territories : A case study of Dingroo and Kamal Pur canal , Faisalabad , Pakistan

Diversity Indices are key components to draw the natural lines regarding taxa composition pertaining to any managed or unmanaged landscaping. They consist of diversity, evenness, dominance and richness of inhabiting taxa in that area. This study was carried out to check the diversity among species of class insecta near Kamal Pur canal and Dingroo canal of District Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Total 117 specimens were collected belonging to 7 orders, 17 families, 22 genera and 27 species from Dingroo canal while total 140 specimens were collected belonging to 7 orders, 23 families, 29 genera and 32 species from Kamal Pur canal. So, keeping in view the importance of these aspects, calculations were made as per Shannon Diversity Index and SPDIVERS.BAS software. Diversity was recorded maximum in Kamal Pur canal (1.0350) while least diversity was recorded for Dingroo canal (1.0293). Diversity maximum (H′ max) was recorded highest for Kamal Pur (2.1461), While least diversity maximum (H′ max) was recorded for Dingroo canal (2.0682). Evenness was recorded maximum for Kamal Pur (0.0163) while least was recorded for Dingroo canal (0.0141). Dominance (D) was recorded maximum for Kamal Pur canal (1.0163) While least recorded for Dingroo canal (1.0141). The value for richness was recorded maximum in Kamal Pur canal (9.8868) whereas least was recorded for Dingroo canal (9.1769). From Dingroo canal, relative abundance recorded maximum for genus Empis 19.66% (N = 23). From Kamal Pur canal, Apis was recorded as an extraordinary genus with relative abundance of 12.14% (N = 17).


Introduction
Biodiversity is the capriciousness around living organisms including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems.It is the variation in species, among species or communities in same or different ecosystems.Insects are so diverse, that they are about one third of overall population of different species inhibiting earth.It is the most diverse group of invertebrates may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans [1].
They are the mainly eminent pollinators of agricultural ecosystem and 30% of production is favored by pollination.Bee pollination is the main sources for betterment of crop productivity and play important role in natural ecosystem conservation [2].Thus, honey bees (A.mellifera), is the most vital as flower visitor and most proficient B. napus pollinator [3].The role of insects in the improvement of natural vegetation is much more clearly demonstrated in the field of forestry than in agriculture [4].
Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans to produce silk and honey, respectively [5].Some insects damage crops as pest by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits.Of the 1 million described insect species, only 5000 can be considered harmful to crops, livestock or human beings [6].
They simultaneously attack on crop with two different stages vegetative stage (root grubs, mites, aphids, and thrips and ragi cut worm) and reproductive stage (flowering thrips, mites, aphids, cut worm) [7].Their population increase in spring season and can be extremely injurious if present in large number [8].Lepidoptera inhabit all terrestrial habitats ranging from grasslands to mountain plateaus, desert to rainforest but it is mostly associated with flowering plants [9].Order Hemiptera or true bugs live in majority of habitats, generally terrestrial and some species live their life in or on the surface of fresh water.Coleoptera or beetle is largest order of insects having 350,000-400,000 species that make up 40% of all insect species i.e. 30% of all animals.They are found in all-natural environments such as in freshwater and marine habitats, where vegetative foliage is found [10].
Order Hymenoptera is third largest order of insects which is further classified in two suborders: Symphyta and Apocrita [11].150,000 species of sawflies, wasps, bees and ants [12].The most primordial forms are characteristically herbivorous, feeding on leaves or pine needles while stinging wasps are predators and bees feed on nectar and pollen [13].Pheromones are chemicals that are secreted by the organisms to restrict them in their own territory [14].This study was designed to evaluate the abundance of different families which belong to class insecta.Our foicus was on those insects which reside near water bodies such as canals.Most of the insect that were collected during sampling belongs to two families Empididae, Acrididae and three orders Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Diaptera, respectively.
Keeping in view the ecological interaction of foliage insects with vegetation alongside the water bodies; the present study was proposed to find the diversity and relative abundance of foliage arthropods along wet territories.

Collection of data
To collect the foliage insects fauna from both canal territories were sampled weekly for two hours from 6:00 am to 8:00 am during months by following methods: Direct hand picking, by using sweep net and by using forceps.Total 117 specimens were collected.Collected specimens were stored in jars containing 70:30% alcohol and glycerin solution and thereafter collected specimens were shifted to Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for further systematic studies.Here, the specimens were separated and preserved in separate glass vials, containing 70:30% alcohol and glycerin solution for further identification.The glass vials were labeled as sampling number, canal name, date and time of sampling.The collected specimens were identified and sorted with the aid of naked eye, magnifying glass and microscope.The identifications were conducted based on morphological characters.All the specimens were identified up to species level according to the taxonomic/ reference material [15].

Statistical analysis
Thereafter, all the observed specimens were arranged in table form according to their morphological and taxonomic characters e.g.order, family, genus and species.To determine the various aspects of diversity, Shannon Diversity Index was used [16].

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐻 ′ ): 𝐻 ′ = − ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑝𝑖
Where pi is the proportion of individuals found in the ith species.The value of pi is estimated as ni/ N.

Maximum diversity
Where, E is the index of evenness, λ is the Simpson's index of diversity and N1 and N2 are the number of abundant and very abundant species respectively in the sample.The richness, diversity and evenness indices were computed by using the Program SPDIVERS.BAS.

Richness
Where, S = species richness, n = total number of species present in sample population, k = number of "unique" species (of which only one organism was found in sample population).
Kathiresan and Bingham [21] reported that herbivorous insects can cause considerable damage to vegetation.The presence of Coleoptera and Leptoptera in our study areas is indicated, which prefer moist soil, litter, and rotting wood, and are a potential bioindicator of moist habitats [21][22][23].Diversity indices are key components to draw the natural lines regarding taxa composition pertaining to any managed or unmanaged landscaping.They consist of diversity, evenness, dominance and richness of inhabiting taxa in that area.So, keeping in view the importance of these aspects, calculations were made as per Shannon Diversity Index [24].In the discussion of future direction, it may be assumed that the region has diversity of described orders and these results may help in the proceeding of research for further work.Different other techniques and methodologies may be directed to evaluate better results.Diversity was recorded maximum in Kamal Pur canal (1.0350) while least diversity was recorded for Dingroo canal (1.0293).Diversity maximum (H ′max) was recorded highest for Kamal Pur (2.1461),While least diversity maximum (H′ max) was recorded for Dingroo canal (2.0682).Evenness was recorded maximum for Kamal Pur (0.0163) while least was recorded for Dingroo canal (0.0141).Dominance (D) was recorded maximum for Kamal Pur canal (1.0163)While least recorded for Dingroo canal (1.0141).The value for richness was recorded maximum in Kamal Pur canal (9.8868) whereas least was recorded for Dingroo canal (9.1769) (Table 3).
From the overall data presentation and discussion, it is confirmed that results of previous scientists and researchers in different areas over the world were analogous to our present findings, but sometime deviations were recorded due to variations in ecological conditions and skill power, handling expertise and documentation of data [25,17,18,8].

Conclusion
From the overall data it is concluded that diversity among different orders of insects is present.As hypothesized, diversity may vary among different orders it is noted that species varied of different insect orders while pretending significance of results.
Present study was conducted around the vegetation of Dingroo and Kamal pur, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan in 2016 and study was consisting of rolling flat plains, between longitude 73°74 E, latitude 30° 31.5°N, with an elevation of 184 meters (604 ft) above sea level including area 58.56 km 2 .It is bound on the North by Chiniot, on the East by Sheikhupura and Sahiwal, on the South by Sahiwal and Toba Tek Singh and on the West by Jhang Districts.Vegetation was consisting of different herbs/ shrubs, grasses and different crops: Triticum aestivum (wheat), Brassica compestris (mustard), Trifolium alexandrium (barseen) and Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane).

Figure 4
Figure 4 Species diversity of different orders

Table 3
Diversity indices recorded from Dingroo and Kamal Pur canals