Assessing factors affecting professional bus drivers in Central Java, Indonesia

Public transportation is a key solution to a connecting city in Indonesia country. An important factor of driver behavior and driver fatigue is the potential for loss in this field. This study aims to identify traffic loss risk factors associated with demographic characteristics, fatigue levels, body mass index, driver experience blood pressure levels, and inappropriate driver attitudes on public transport as well as to find out the effects of fatigue levels. This research is a cross-sectional technique with descriptive analytics. The sample in this study was 67 professional bus drivers with licenses in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Data collection in the month 1-30 January 2021. Based on the results of the study showed that 67 respondents, 77.6% experienced severe level fatigue, 85.1% worked more than 8 hours, 73.1% had a smoking habit. For Body Mass Index 29.9% are overweight, 65.7% have prehypertensive blood pressure levels. The fatigue experienced by public transport drivers is categorical as heavy (77.6%). periodic checks are required regarding the level of fatigue so that the risk of traffic accidents does not occur. The policy regarding working hours must be carried out from an average of 13.82 hours per day to 8 hours, according to regulations and a bus driver's working period of more than 5 years is a record of future health problems. Professional bus drivers have a dangerous level of fatigue, so there needs to be a change in the work system in order to avoid the risk of traffic accidents related to public transportation.


Introduction
Safety and health are an important part of any modern social life. This activity not only covers the material environment and work environment but is related to the human relationship of a machine and work systems. It is therefore important to understand the role of safety and health in all human activities. it is important for every human being to prepare for the various risks they will face in each life [1]. Technological changes in transportation are becoming new challenges in the field of safety and health. Technology that has been installed in vehicles from automotive manufacturers as well as additional technologies coming from outside the automotive manufacturer. The behavior of transport drivers who use mobile phones while working, turn the tv on and turn on the mp3 into a harmful component [2].
More than 1.2 million people die each year from traffic around the world, making road traffic injuries the leading cause of death globally. Most of these deaths occurred in low-and middle-income countries where rapid economic growth was accompanied by increased motorization and highway traffic accidents. In addition to road deaths, up to 50 million people suffer non-fatal injuries each year due to road traffic accidents, while there are additional indirect health consequences associated with the current growing epidemic [3].
Public transportation is important for the province with the ranked number three population in Indonesia, Central Java Province with a population of 37 million people [4]. Semarang is the capital city becomes the business and economic center in Central Java Province, while Surakarta city is the second most advanced city in Central Java Province. The distance between this city is ±112 kilometers and the travel duration of 3 hours 30 minutes. The transportation industry in world contributes high cases of accidents and injuries where the causes include, lack of management explanations at the beginning of work, unbalanced distance and time demands, and general transportation driver income factors [5]. Figure 1 shows the bus route from the city of Surakarta to the city of Semarang (google map), as follows: [6]

Figure 1 Surakarta bus route to Semarang city
The use of bus model transportation is generally based on traffic density that makes people saturated using private vehicles and good public transportation trust. Attention to public transport drivers in Indonesia still has many weaknesses, generally, attention is given when major events such as Muslim festivals, Christmas, New Year. Many people come back to the village to meet their families [7].
The transportation industry contributes high cases of accidents and injuries were the causes include lack of management explanations at the beginning of work, unbalanced distance and time demands, and general transportation driver income factors [5].
The human factor appears as the most important factor since it affects active and passive safety in various ways. Driving in a state of exhaustion is one of the most important elements besides gender, age, ability, training skills, attitude, experience, behavior. Fatigue is a human factor that greatly influences mood and motivation, as well as drowsiness and human cognitive function and ability, and therefore becomes the driver [8].
Safety is a common definition in everyday life, research related to the public transport sector is still limited, especially in developing countries. The world estimates there are about one million deaths from road accidents and ten million injuries each year, many with long-term disabilities. Nearly 70% of these occur in developing or developing countries [9]. Accidents contributed to 1.35 million deaths worldwide according to who in 2018. Indonesia ranks fifth in the world with a contributor to traffic deaths. More than 0.5% of accidents are contributed by public transport [10].
The government's challenge in realizing the culture of people using public transportation massively still has problems. The accident data still shows a high trend in Indonesia in 2010 as much as 95,906 and experienced growth of 16.59% annually. Public transportation types such as buses accounted for 4,808 accidents [11]. Traffic accident data in Central Java Province in 2018 reached 4,876 incidents with 1,062 fatalities and 5.73 minor injuries. Therefore it is important to know the factors related to fatigue and behavior of bus drivers to improve safety and health in the workplace. This paper provides a review of the research methods used to assess bus driver behavior and describe fatigue, in this study also provides an overview of the health of bus drivers. This will explore the relationship between bus driver fatigue and possible factors.

Methods
The research using observational design with cross-sectional approach was conducted at Terboyo station in Semarang city within one month, data collection on 1-30 January 2021 using an accidental sampling technique. The respondents of the study were all drivers of the Surakarta-Semarang route bus in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Drivers who are willing to be respondents as many as 67 people. The data were collected using demographic questionnaires, as well as measuring fatigue levels, blood pressure, and body mass index. All respondents involved in the study had signed an informed consent sheet.
Descriptive presentation of data uses frequency distribution and cross table to look at bivariate analysis of narrative dissertations. Instruments used to obtain public transport driver attitudes using the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) have been widely used in other countries' studies [12] [13], blood pressure reducer using Sphygmomanometer [10] while individual fatigue measurements using reaction time [14] and body mass index using weight scales and microtoise [15] Bivariate analysis using Chi-Square and Fisher Exact tests with a 5% degree of meaning. Ethics approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee (KEPK) of Muhammadiyah University Semarang Number 451/KEPK-FKM/UNIMUS/ 2020.

Results
In our setting, there were 67 bus drivers, who fully completed the questionnaires and all agreed to provide their informed consent. Of the 67 respondents, Characteristics of respondents can be seen in Table 1. Most of the 30-yearolds were 79.1% of the 23-year-olds and 69 were the oldest and the average age was 42.9 years with a standard deviation of 10,874. The highest length > 5-year period was 85.1% where the range worked between 2 to 40 years, the average length of work was 17.36 years with a standard deviation of 10.11 years. Working duration of 95.5% more than 8 hours per day with the lowest duration of 8 hours per day and the longest 24 hours/day, the average duration of work 13.82 hours per day with a standard deviation of 3.47 hours per day. Other frequency data showed the results of smoking habits as much as 73.1% were 40 respondents consumed cigarettes between 1-20 cigarettes per day with an average of 11 cigarettes consumed per day. Table 1 results show the percentage of body mass index most categories Overweight as much as 20 (29.9%) while the results related to obesity level 2 as much as 8 (11.9%). Data related to not having a history of the disease as much as 59 (88.1%), 7 respondents have a history of non-communicable diseases. Blood pressure data obtained 44 (65.7%) prehypertension where the category is in the systole range of 120-139 mmHg and diastole 80-89 mmHg.   Table 3 The results of the bivariate analysis of characteristic variables with driver fatigue.

Discussion
The purpose of this study was to assess the objective fatigue of drivers of public vehicles with characteristic variables. 77.6% or 52 respondents were highly fatigued. This result is similar to that of bus drivers in Taiwan where fatigue causes psychological disorders and the final stages lead to the risk of road accidents [16]. [17]. Older > 30 years have a higher tendency to cause fatigue. This study is comparable to previous results where ages 31-35 have a tendency to experience neglect in drivers [18].
This study also produced an overview of driver behavior by using a Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) measuring instrument that has 3 dimensions namely the first violation carried out by the driver of a public vehicle intentionally. Secondly errors or inappropriate attitudes of drivers of public vehicles as well as mistakes made by accident and the The first dimension is related to violations there are 3 items of questions that are often experienced by drivers of public vehicles namely; I turn on the bus horn when I feel distracted with the driver / other riders. I drive very close to the car in front as a signal of the driver's pain to go faster or get out of the way and the third I do not like some certain driving techniques (reckless) and I show that sense. These results have differences with previous studies The deviations that are drivers are very dangerous and risk causing traffic accidents [19]. Over-30s dominate with severe fatigue status. Older age or after having a public transportation driver's license (SIM) has the opportunity to make deviations in driving in the absence of supervision [20].
The second dimension relates to errors or inappropriate behaviour or failure to act. the result of most questions the driver does sometimes accidentally overtake the rider who is turning on the left sign light/right this is very dangerous because it can cause accidents [21].
The third dimension deals with items that are with driver deviations. The results resulted in the most positive items. namely stopping away from traffic lights in line with research conducted in China that resulted in positive behaviour reducing 53% of road accidents [22].
Finally, this study has limitations that must be considered. First the study focused on Indonesia as a developing country. This research can be generalized to different regions that have similar characteristics. There are several variables that are not researched in this study that can affect the results among others business owner support family factors.

Conclusion
Fatigue experienced by heavy categorical public transport drivers (77.6%). bus transportation service providers must conduct periodic checks related to fatigue levels thus allowing a decrease in the risk of traffic accidents. Policymaking regarding working hours must be done because the results of the study stated that an average of 13.82 hours per day. in addition to exceeding the 8-hour work rule may be harmful to driver health and passenger safety. Bus driver's working period of more than 5 years becomes a health problem in the future. This data could be an initial assessment of the health and health efforts in the workplace.