Diversity of alternative food plants traded in the Kranggan Mas Traditional Market, Bekasi District, West Java Province, Indonesia

The market is the main place for buying and selling alternative food plants and its rich in local wisdom. This study aims to explain the diversity of alternative food plant that are traded in the traditional market of Kranggan Mas, Bekasi District and their potential as healthy food ingredients. The research was conducted with an ethnobotanical approach with surveys, interviews and participations observation. The respondents were all traders who traded alternative food plants. The data was qualitative analysis includes grouping plants based on benefits, families, and parts used. A total of 12 species belonging10 genera and 8 families of plants as alternative food are traded in the Kranggan Mas traditional market. A total of 7 species of food are available every day and 4 species are available seasonally. The part of used are tuber (82%) and fruits (18%). Dioscorea alata and Artocarpus altilis are foodstuff ingredients that are still very potential to be developed and cultivated because both species are easy to find in the surrounding environment and its uses as shade and living fence. The Dioscorea alata has compounds dioscorine which has activity to reduce hypertension, so that its recommended for postmenopausal women.


Introduction
The plants are the main ingredients used by humans to meet their nutritional needs. Plants that are used as a source of nutrients are called food plants. Anggraeni [1] states that food plants are grouped into staple foods, substitutes for staple foods (alternative foods), vegetables, fruits, cooking spices, and ritual foods. Staple food is the main food as a source of carbohydrates or as a source of energy. Indonesian local people use rice (Oriza sativa) as the main source of carbohydrates even though various other carbohydrate sources or alternative food ingredients are easily found in the surrounding environment [2,3].
The market is the main place used by the community as a place for buying and selling various food needs [4]. Iskandar et al [5] stated that traditional markets in West Java are rich in local wisdom regarding the use of plants including alternative food ingredients. The ideal food composition consists of 57-68% carbohydrates, 10-15% protein, and 20-30% fat, therefore diversification of carbohydrate sources needs to be done so that food sources can be preserved. Grubber and Partohardjono [6] stated that the cultivation of plants as staple foods such as rice (Oriza sativa), corn (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) has been practiced for a long time, since 8000 years ago. Although many types of plants produce carbohydrates, empirically there is exclusivity to certain foodstuffs, especially rice. This has a direct impact on the decline in public interest in other foodstuffs which results in a decrease in the diversity of food ingredients in the surrounding environment. Pawera et al [7] states that there is a decline in the interest of the younger generation to use food ingredients derived from wild plants due to changes in lifestyle, reduced availability, and limited knowledge of their nutritional value.
For people who live in urban areas, the market is the main source of obtaining food ingredients, both traditional markets and modern markets. Franco et al. [4] found that the biodiversity of plants traded in traditional markets was higher than in modern markets. de Albuquerque et al. [8] stated that the market is a public space where various kinds of products are sold, as well as a place for exchanging cultural information. This shows that the market is suitable to be used as a place for research on the diversity of food plants with their utilization or related to ethnobotany.
Ethnobotanical research on the use of plants as food is still limited. Iskandar et al [5] reported that as many as 10 plant species of carbohydrate sources were traded in the traditional market of Ujung Berung, West Java Province. The diversity of plants traded in traditional markets is thought to be influenced by local wisdom and traditions of local communities in the surrounding environment [9]. This relates to the market as a place for exchanging information on local knowledge between traders and other traders, between the community and traders, as well as between the community and other communities [4,9]. This study aims to explain alternative food ingredients as a source of carbohydrates.

Research Site
This research was conducted at the Kranggan Mas traditional market, Bekasi District, West Java Province, Indonesia. Administratively, the Kranggan Mas traditional market is located in the Bekasi District, West Java Province ( Figure 1). The study was conducted with an ethnobotanical approach with surveys, interviews and observations with modifications Silalahi et al [9].
Respondents in the study were all traders who traded alternative food ingredients. To facilitate communication, most of the ingredients used for sour vegetable ingredients were purchased by researchers. Some of the things that were asked of the respondents were the main ingredients (local name, part used), spices (local name) and processing methods. All data obtained were documented by photographing the parts used and then identified to know their scientific names. The data obtained in this study were analyzed qualitatively. Qualitative analysis includes grouping plants based on benefits, families, and parts used. To complete the secondary metabolite and plant bioactivity data, secondary data in the form of journals or the results of previous research related to alternative food types is carried out.

The Diversity of Food Alternative Plants
The alternative food plants are alternative carbohydrate sources that can be used by the community as a substitute for rice. In this study, alternative food ingredients are all plant species in fresh form (raw materials) which are traded as a source of carbohydrates other than rice or rice. A total of 11 species belonging 9 genera and 8 plant families as alternative food ingredients are traded in the Kranggan Mas traditional market ( Figure 2 and Table 1). Based of the parts or organs that are used as much as 82% are tubers and the rest is fruit.  Family Genera Species skin. Red skin tubers when cooked have a softer texture so that the cooking process is faster than white skin, therefore the selling price is more expensive than white skin.
Dioscoreacea tubers have long been used by various ethnic groups in Indonesia as food. A total of 3 species from this family have been traded in the Kranggan Mas market, namely D. alata, D. hispida and D. esculenta. The three tubers of these species are easily distinguished from the size, skin texture and color of the tubers. The bulbs of D. alata are purple while D. esculenta is white. The outer skin texture of D. hispida is equipped with coarse fibers.
The C. esculenta (talas Bogor) and X. sagittifolium (kimpul) are belonging Araceae. The two types of species are easily distinguished from the tuber texture. The tubers of C. esculenta are round in shape and relatively large in size because they are part of a fleshy stem with short segments, while kimpul are smaller in size with an oval shape. When viewed from the supply, kimpul is easier to find than taro and the price is also cheaper. The tuber kimpul has scales and at the distal end there is a bud. The itching caused by the "sap" produced by taro tubers causes various people to be reluctant to use it. Figure 4 shows the availability and supply of alternative food ingredients in the Kranggan Mas traditional market, namely 4 species available every day such as cassava (Manihot uttilissima), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). Although C. moschata is available every day, the supply is very limited and is only sold by about 5-6 traders. The size of the pumpkin that is traded is 1.5-4 kg with a selling price of around 8,000-10,000 IDR per kilogram.

Figure 4
The availability and supply of alternative food at the Kranggan Mas traditional market, West Java Province As many as 7 species or more than 60% of the alternative food ingredients traded are available seasonally (supply only at certain times) such as breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), kentang pule, taro, kimpul and Dioscorea spp. Factors affecting supply include: fruit is only produced at certain times (eg breadfruit), limited collectors (eg. Dioscorea spp. and taro) , not yet cultivated (Dioscorea spp.). The kentang pule have a tuber structure that is almost like a potato. Traders classify the size of black potato tubers into 3, namely large (5-6 cm in diameter), medium (3-4 cm) and small (1-2 cm). The size of the potato tubers has implications for the selling price and the size is directly proportional to the selling price. Bulbs with large sizes are only found in certain months, especially May-July, which is related to the potato harvesting period in the buffer zone of the source of material in the Kranggan Mas traditional market such as the Jonggol area.

Alternative Food Plants Potential
Several alternative food plants found in the study will be discussed further, such as D. alata and A. altilis because the information is still limited.

Artocarpus altilis
Breadfruit (A. altilis) is easy in the neighborhood around the Kranggan Mas traditional market. By local people, this plant is often used as a shade because it has a shady canopy and large leaves, so it can double as shade and food. The A. altilis fruit has the main content in the form of carbohydrates [10]. Liu et al. [11] stated that various cultivars of A. altilis contain total essential amino acids and protein, much higher than other food crops such as corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, potatoes, and peas. At the Kranggan Mas traditional market, A. altilis fruit has long been traded at a selling price of 10,000 -15,000 IDR per piece. Respondents stated that most consumers make breadfruit as a snack. Different things were reported by Roberts-Nkrumah and Legall [12] in Trinidad and Tobago that farmers that A. altilis had been consumed as food for households (90.1%), a source of income (67.9%), for shelter and traditional medicine (63.0%), and the demand tends to increase.
The A. altilis is a rich source of carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins [13] and protein [14,15]. Selection of foodstuffs based on the glycemic index is recommended in choosing food as a source of carbohydrates [16] because this information is considered to be helpful in health. The glycemic index of breadfruit is influenced by the processing process and it is reported that fried breadfruit, steamed breadfruit, boiled breadfruit, and breadfruit cookies are 82, 89, 85, and 80, respectively [16]. In addition to affecting the glycemic index, the processing process also affects the mineral content of A. altilis fruit [17]. The A. altilis fruit flour contains crude protein (4.31 -4.85%), crude fiber (5.00 -5.38%), starch (68.38 -69.20%) and ash (2.56 -2.90) [18]. The mineral content of A. altilis fruit such as potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, sodium and manganese cooked by microwave heating is higher than that cooked by boiling.  [17].
The pulp of A. altilis fruit is rich in essential amino acids (49.59 g/100 g), predominantly lysine and leucine [15]. Amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate content of A. altilis were 72.5%, 68.2%, and 81.4%, respectively, while the starch content was 15.52 g/ 100 g fresh weight [14]. The carbohydrate content of breadfruit is approximately 36% of the total carbohydrate, indicating that although the total carbohydrate content is high, most of it is high and is not easily digested and absorbed in the small intestine [19]. The protein content of various A. altilis cultivars had significant differences found in all varieties containing essential amino acids, especially phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine [11].

Dioscorea alata
Huwi or D. alata is still found in the area around the Kranggan Mas traditional market, namely on vacant land and is easily recognizable from its stature in the form of a liana. To support its growth, this plant requires propagation and has many branches. When compared to other types of Dioscorea, D. alata tubers are tastier and easier to process with more attractive bulb colors. Day et al. [20] stated that D. alata tuber is a functional food with high nutritional value and therapeutic potential. Udensi et al. [21] stated that D. alata contains nutrients, namely the average crude protein (6.7%) and carbohydrate content (81.6-87.6%) are the main fractions of tuber dry matter. The mineral content of D. alata tubers per 100g was K (240-400 mg), Na (190-380 mg) P (180-340 mg), C (20.2-80.2 mg), Mg (24.3-97.2 mg) dry weight. The content of vitamin C in sweet potato tubers ranged from 16.7-28.4 mg/100g, fresh weight [21].
Besides being rich in nutrients, D. alata tubers have anti-inflammatory properties. The Dioscorea spp. is a plant in the tropics that has been shown to increase sex hormones in postmenopausal women [24]. The Dioscorea ethyl acetate extract activates R and estrogen receptors. The D. alata extract containing hydro-Q9 chromene and -tocopherol-9, RRR-R-tocopherol, coenzyme Q, and 1-feruloylglycerol, identified and activated human ERR and [24]. Lin et al [25] reported that D. alata has tubers that store protein and have antihypertensive effects. Hypertensive rats fed protein from D. alata tubers were able to lower blood pressure comparable to captopril [25]. The hydromethanol extract of D. alata inhibited the expression of NO and TNF-a with IC50 values of 134.51 ± 6.75 and 113.30 ± 7.44 mg/mL, respectively. Its bioactivity as an antioxidant is thought to be related to its secondary metabolite content, namely hexadecenoic acid, methyl stearate, cinnamyl cinnamate, squalene bioactivity [20], phenolics and flavonoids [26]. The ethanolic extract of the bulbs showed strong DPPH radical scavenging activity [26].

Conclusion
A total of 12 species belonging to 10 genera and 8 families of alternative food plants are traded at the Kranggan Mas traditional market, Bekasi, West Java. The organs used as much as 82% are tubers and 18% come from fruit. Dioscorea alata contains compounds containing dioscorin compounds which also function to reduce hypertension and are highly recommended for postmenopausal women.