Documentation of angiospermic plants of Puthia Upazila of Rajshahi and their important medicinal values

Diversity of angiosperms of Puthia Upazila of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh conducted during October 2019 to December 2021. A total of 194 species belonging to 162 genera under 72 families were recorded. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 76, 37, 26 and 55 species, respectively. Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, and Solanaceae are the dominant families with high species diversity. 148 medicinal plants have been documented with their uses for the cure of more than 200 diseases, and some of these are asthma, cough, cold, chicken pox, constipation, dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, eczema, fever, headache, heart disease, itches, jaundice, menstrual disease, paralysis, piles, skin diseases, snake bite, sex problems, toothache, vomiting, worm, wound and others. Scientific names, local names, habits, families, medicinal uses and part(s) used are provided for each species.


Introduction
Angiosperm is any of the more than 300,000 species of flowering plants (division Anthophyta), the kingdom Plantae's largest and most varied group. Angiosperms account for approximately 80% of all currently known green plants. The ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary in angiosperms, which are vascular seed plants. The ovary is normally encased in a flower, which is the portion of the angiospermous plant that houses the male or female reproductive organs, or both. Fruits are made from the angiospermous plant's mature floral organs.
Different habits of angiosperm found in the study area:

Methodology
The research is based on fresh materials collected during thirty one field visits to Puthia Upazila of Rajshahi, Bangladesh from October 2019 to December 2021 to cover the seasonal variations. The visits covered all types of habitats, particular river bank; char land area, slope, village grove, fruit gardens, fallow lands, crop fields, roadsides of the study area. Plant parts with either flowers or fruits were collected using traditional herbarium techniques to make voucher specimens for documentation.

Medicinally important Plants
The important medicinal plants at upazila Puthia of Rajshahi district were carried out. A total of 148 medicinal plant species belonging to 127 genera and 64 families were collected and recorded for their use in 200 ailments. The majority of the residents in the study region are poor and illiterate. On the one hand, these people are beyond the reach of contemporary medicines, and on the other hand, the market price of the majority of accessible drugs is exorbitant. As a result, they use these medicinal plants to treat the following diseases: abscess, asthma, abortion, cough, cold, small pox, constipation, dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, eczema, fever, fracture of bone, headache, heart disease, itches, jaundice, menstrual disease, paralysis, piles, skin diseases, snake bite, toothache, vomiting, worm, wound, and others (Table 3) (Table 3; Figure 5). There are scientific names, local names, families, medicinal uses and part(s) employed for each species. The study also recommended that the current information on local people's therapeutic use of plants could be utilized in future botanical and pharmacological research to find new medication sources. 147 Xanthium indicum Asteraceae Whole plant The plant has been used to treat a variety of ailments, including arthritis, nasal problems, and cancer prevention.
148 Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizome The rhizome of the plant has been used in the treatment of colds, asthma, and bronchitis.

Discussion
A tentative inventory of angiosperm flora was undertaken at the Puthia upazila of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh, from October 2019 to December 2021. A total of 194 species were discovered, divided into 162 genera and 72 families ( Table  1) the data gathered is comparable to the findings of other Bangladeshi investigations. In the Khagrachhari district, 243 species were found, divided into 195 genera and 95 families [10]. In Lawachara National Park, 374 species were identified, divided into 264 genera and 84 families [61]. In the Runctia Sal Forest, 153 species were found, divided into 120 genera and 52 families [58]. In Habiganj district, there are 245 species belonging to 183 genera and 72 families [64]. In Rajshahi district, 425 species from 321 genera and 108 families have been identified [32]. The Bangladesh Police Academy in Rajshahi has a total of 302 species belonging to 243 genera and 84 families [46]. There is no published information on the diversity of angiosperm plant species at Puthia upazila of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Conclusion
The present paper focused on diversity of angiosperms growing throughout the Puthia upazila of Rajshahi was documented. A total of 194 species under 162 genera and 72 families were recorded. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 76, 37, 26 and 55 species, respectively. Out of the recorded species,148 medicinal plant species belonging to 127 genera and 64 families were collected and recorded for their use in 200 ailments. It was concluded that overutilization, over the collection, overexploitation, habitat degradation, overharvesting, deforestation, population explosion and overgrazing are the conspicuous biotic stresses which severely threatened the flora in the area which affect the population sustainability on crust of the earth.