Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Aspilia africana on some gastrointestinal tract pathogens

Halimat Abdulsalami; Suleiman Yusuf Mudi; Bala Sidi Aliyu; Hamisu Umar Takalmawa

doi:10.30574/gscbps.2019.7.1.0048

Authors

Halimat Abdulsalami Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
Suleiman Yusuf Mudi Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
Bala Sidi Aliyu Department of Plant Biology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
Hamisu Umar Takalmawa Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2019.7.1.0048

Keywords:

Phytochemical, Gastrointestinal, Antibacterial, Inhibition, Aspilia africana

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of the leaf extracts of A. africana. The powdered leaf of A. africana was extracted using 70% methanol and partitioned into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions. The extract and fractions were phytochemically screened and agar well dilution technique was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity against some gastrointestinal tract pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysentriae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B and Salmonella paratyphi C). The phytochemical analysis of A. africana showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones and saponins in the methanol extract but varied across the fractions. The methanol extract and fractions inhibited the growth of gastrointestinal tract pathogens but their effectiveness varied with the concentrations. The methanol crude extract showed the best antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 15-18 mm followed by aqueous soluble methanol fraction (10-15 mm) and ethylacetaate fraction (9-13 mm) respectively. The n-hexane and chloroform fraction showed no activity. Generally, the diameter zone of inhibition increased with increased extract concentrations. The antibacterial activity of the various extracts of the leaf was comparable to the reference antibiotics, though the antibiotics showed better inhibitory property (p<0.05) in some cases on the test isolates than the leaf extracts. The study showed that the leaves of A. africana possessed inhibitory properties due to the detected phytochemicals, thus validates the traditional uses of the plant for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract infections.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Moorin RE, Heyworth JS, Forbes GM and Riley TV. (2010).Long-term health risks for children and young adults after infective gastroenteritis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16(9), 1440-1447

WHO Antimicrobial resistance, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance, last accessed on 14/04/2019.

Anyanwu MU and Okoye RC. (2017). Antimicrobial properties of Nigerian plants. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 6(2), 240-259.

El-Mahmood AM, Doughari JH and Chanji FJ. (2008). In-vitro antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Nauclea latifoliaand Daniella oliveri. Sci. Res. Essay, 3(3), 102-105.

Mann A. (2012). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides against infectious diseases prevalent in hospital environments in Nigeria. Journal of Microbiology Research, 2(1): 6-10

Sidney MT, Siyabonga SJ and Kotze BA. (2015). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Syzygium cordatum fruit pulp and seed extracts against bacterial strains implicated in gastrointestinal tract infections. African journal of biotechnology, 14(16):1387-1392.

Burkill HM. (1985). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, 3, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), Vol 1, 267.

Abii TA and Onuoha EN. (2011). The chemical constituents of the leaf of Aspilia africanaas a scientific backing to its tradomedical potentials. Agricultural Journal, 6(1), 28-30.

Jack IR, Ndukwe GI and Nna PJ. (2017). A furofuranoid lignan from the roots and some phytochemicals from the leaves of Aspilia africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams. American Journal of Chemistry and Application, 4(4), 21-25

Etiosa OR, Adeyemo JA and Nwadozie, B.C. (2017). Phytochemical studies and GC-MS analysis of chloroform extract of the leaves of Aspilia africana. Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences 4(3), 1-8.

Ekaiko MU, Arinze AG, Iwe CU and Asiegbu EI. (2016). Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potency of Aspilia africana. International Journal of Life Science Research, 4(1), 9-14.

Sherah SB, Onche EU, Mbonu IJ, Olotu PN and Lajide L. (2014). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the flowers of Aspilia africana. Advances in Life Science and Technology, 16, 54-57.

Okoli CO, Akah PA and Okoli AS. (2007). Potentials of leaves of Aspilia africana(compositae) in wound care: an experimental evaluation, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7(24), 1-7.

Ajeigbe KO, Seyi SE, Dayo, RO and Olayemi OO. (2013). Acute effects of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana C.D. Adams on some haematological parameters in rats. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 10(5):236-243.

Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G. and Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 1(1), 98-106

Emran T, Rahman A, Nasiruddin MN, Rahman M, Uddin Z, Dash R and Layzu C. (2015). Effects of organic extracts and their different fractions of five Bangladeshi plants on in vitro thrombolysis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15, 128-135.

Sofowora A. (2008). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum books Ltd. Nigeria, 142-145.

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). (2000). Methods for dilution and antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 5th edition. Approved standard. M7-A5., NCCLS: Wayne, PA.

Abdulsalami H, Adebimpe YA, Dangana, MC, Umar MB and Abdulsalam R. (2014) Antibacterial evaluation of the methanolic extract of the leaf and stem bark of Enantia chlorantha. International Journal of Applied Biological Research, 6(2), 53 – 58.

Oko OOK and Agiang EA. (2011). Phytochemical activities of Aspilia africanaleaf using different extractants. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(8), 814–818.

Ezeigbo OR, Awomukwu DA and Ezeigbo IC. (2016). The Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Analysis of the Leaves of Aspilia africana on Clinical Isolates. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 15(2), 1-6.

Okwuonu UC, Dorothea B, Njoya H and Iyemene PT. (2017). Phytochemical, proximate and elemental constituents of Aspilia africana(Wild sunflower) flowers. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(4): 22-27

Osuagwu GGC, Okwulelie IC and Emenike JO. (2007). Phytochemical and mineral component of the leaves four Nigerian Pterocarpus (JACQ) species. International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences, 3(1), 6-11.

Evans WC. (2008). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, Fifteenth edition. W.B. Saunders, 516-525.

Upadhyay A, Upadhyay I, Johny AK and Venkitanarayanan K. (2014). Combating pathogenic microorganisms using plant-derived antimicrobials: A minireview of the mechanistic basis. BioMed Research International, 1-18

Okwu DE. (2004). Phytochemical and vitamin content of endogenous spices of south eastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainability and Agricultural Environment, 6, 30- 37.

Borokini TI and Omotayo FO. (2012). Phytochemical and ethnobotanical study of some selected medicinal plants from Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(7), 1106-1118.

Doughari JH, Ndakidemi PA, Human IS and Benade S. (2012). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiverotoxic potentials of extracts of Curtisia dentate. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141, 1041–50.

Anibijuwon II, Duyilemi OP and Onifade AK. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of leaf of Aspilia africanaon some Pathogenic organisms of clinical origin. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 24(1), 2048 – 2055.

Oluduro AO, Bakare MK, Omoboye OO, Dada CA and Olatunji CI. (2011). Antibacterial effect of extracts of Acalypha wilkesianaon gastrointestinal tract pathogens and bacteria causing skin Infections in neonates. Ife Journal of Science, 13(2), 371-380.