Resistance mechanisms of late leaf spot and rosette diseases in drought tolerant groundnut genotypes

Khalid Elsiddig Mohammed; Nuwamanya Ephraim; Afutu Emmanuel; Enoch Wembabazi; Natasha Mwila; Eisa Idris Siddig; Patrick R.  Rubaihayo

doi:10.30574/gscbps.2019.8.1.0105

Authors

Khalid Elsiddig Mohammed College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Nuwamanya Ephraim National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P. O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda.
Afutu Emmanuel Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
Enoch Wembabazi National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P. O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda.
Natasha Mwila College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Eisa Idris Siddig University of Gezira Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Department of Crop science P.O. Box: 20, Sudan.
Patrick R. Rubaihayo College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2019.8.1.0105

Keywords:

Arachis hypogaea, Biochemical, Cercospora, Aphids, Moisture stress

Abstract

Groundnut has been identified as less susceptible to drought which produces moderate yield under drought conditions. Also, drought can enhance effects of late leaf spot and groundnut rosette diseases. However, to reduce rate of the damage by these constraints, plants produce various defensive metabolites. This investigation was undertaken to study how drought tolerant groundnut genotypes respond under late leaf spot and rosette diseases. Eleven drought tolerant genotypes, comprising 4 resistance to both diseases, 4 resistant to leaf spot and 3 resistant to rosette disease were selected for the study. The experiments were conducted in the screen house Mm a s l)epetition.ill help.g the scale above.e up introductory then you focus on the real issues of the studyen discussed. at two locations (Namulonge and Kabanyolo) and arranged in a complete randomized design. Diseases and drought were artificially imposed two weeks after germination. Data collected included aphid counts, chlorophyll, phenolic and tannin content. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (P<0.001) in most of the studied traits for the two sites, genotypes and the interaction. Rosette resistant genotypes recorded the lowest aphid counts and the highest tannin contents. The lowest total chlorophyll was shown by late leaf spot susceptible genotypes. Tannin content was negatively correlated with chlorophylls and aphid counts whiles total phenolic content was negatively correlated with aphid counts but was positively correlated with chlorophyll. The negative correlation between the measured metabolites and chlorophyll with aphid population, rosette and leaf spot disease indicated that an increase in these biochemical content led to a decrease in disease occurrence and therefore, increasing metabolites could contribute to the bio-protection of host plants against these diseases.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Wang ML, Pinnow DL and Pittman RN. (2007). Preliminary screening of germplasm in the US collection for TSWV resistance and high flavonoid content. Plant Pathology Journal.

Asekenye C. (2012). An analysis of productivity gaps among smallholder groundnut farmers in Uganda and Kenya. University of Connecticut.

Kassie M, B. Shiferaw and G. Muricho. (2011). Agricultural technology, crop income and poverty alleviation in Uganda. World Development, 39, 1784–1795.

Harris D and Azam-Ali SN. (1993). Implication of day length sensitivity in bambara groundnut (Vigna subtarranea) production in Botswana. J. Agric. Sci., 120, 75-78.

Doku EV. (1996). Problems and prospects for the improvement of bambara groundnut. Proceedings of the International Bambara Groundnut Symposium, July 23-25, University of Nottingham, UK, 19-27.

Ganesan S. and R. Sekar. (2004). Biocontrol mechanism of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) diseases-Trichoderma system. In: Biotechnological Applications in Environment and Agriculture, Eds: G.R. Pathade and P.K. Goel, ABD Pub. Jaipur, India, 312-327.

Smith BW. (1994). Foliar Diseases, 55-57. In: Compendium of Peanut Disease. American Phyto-pathological Society, 77.

Okello DK, Akello LB, Tukamuhabwa P, Odong TL, Ochwo-Ssemakula M, Andriko J and Deom CM. (2014). Groundnut rosette disease symptoms types distribution and Management of the disease in Uganda. African Journal of Plant Sciences, 8(3), 153-163.

Ambang Z, B. Ndongo, G. Essono, JP Ngoh, P. Kosma, GM Chewachong and A. Asanga. (2011). Control of leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora sp on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) using methanolic extracts of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seeds. Aust. J. Crop Sci., 5, 227-232.

Umma M, As K. and Wa A. (2014). An overview of eight major Groundnut Diseases in Nigeria and their Management. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(12), 51–59.

Okoko ENK, DJ Rees, JK Kwach, and P. Ochieng. (1999). Participatory evaluation of groundnut production, Southwest Kenya. In Towards increased use of demand driven technology, ed. J.A Sutherland, 305-307.

Kimmins FM, Padgham DE, Harborne JB and Rao DVR. (1992). Condensed tannin levels and resistance of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) against aphis cracczvora. Phytochemistry, 31(11), 3795–3800.

Ntare BR, Olorunju PE and Hildebrand GL. (2002). Progress in breeding early maturing peanut cultivars with resistance to groundnut rosette diseases in West Africa. Peanut Sci. 29, 17-23.

Huang B, and Fry JD. (1998). Root anatomical, physiological, and morphological responses to drought stress for tall fescue cultivars. Crop Science 38, 1017–1022.

Clarke JM, and MC Caig TN. (1982). Evaluation of techniques for screening for drought resistance in wheat. Crop Science 22, 503–506.

Agrios GN. (2005). Plant pathology. 5th ed. Elsevier Academic Press. Burlington, MA, USA.

Rathnakumar AL, Chuni lal, VK Jain and JB Mishra. (2004). Biochemical changes associated with rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) resistance in groundnut. In National Symposium Enhancing productivity of Groundnut for sustaining food and Nutritional security. October 11-13, 226-227.

Hiramath PC and RD Savanpur. (1990). Biochemical changes in cotton leaves in response to Alternaria macrospora infection. Current Res. Univ. Agric.Sci., 19, 142-143.

NARO. (2005). The National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI).

Hemantkumar N. (2005). Characterization of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm in relation to major foliar pests and diseases. Saurashtra University.

Ibrahim YJ. (2010). Screening of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) for resistance to early and late leaf spots. MSc. Thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Kayondo SI, PR Rubaihayo, BR Ntare1, PT Gibson, R. Edema, A. Ozimati and Okello DK. (2014). Genetics of resistance to Groundnut rosette disease. African Crop Science Journal. 22(1), 21 – 29.

Shinde BM, and Laware SL. (2014). Screening of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties for drought tolerance through physiological indices. Environmental Research and Development, 9(2), 375–381.

Mwale SE, Ssemakula MO, Sadik K, Alladassi B, Gibson P, Singini W and Edema R. (2017). Estimates of combining ability and heritability in cowpea genotypes under drought stress and non- stress conditions in Uganda. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 9(2), 10–18.

Terzi RAT and Kadioglu ASIMK. (2006). Drought s tress tolerance and the antioxidant enzyme system. biologica cracoviensia, 48(2), 89–96.

Jyosthna MK, Reddy NPE, Chalam TV and Reddy GL K. (2004). Morphological and biochemical characterization of Phaeoisariopsis personata resistant and susceptible cultivars of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Plant Pathology, 13(4), 243–250.

Sadasivam S. and Manickam A. (1996). Biochemical methods. New Age International, P, Limited Publishers, New Delhi, 256.

Mushrif SK. (2010). Epidemiology and management of tikka disease of groundnut caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. and Curt.) Deighton. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.

Mwila N, Rubaihayo PR, Kyamanywa, S, Odong TL, Nuwamanya E, Mwala M and Badji A. (2017). Biochemical factors associated with cassava resistance to whitefly infestation. African Crop Science Journal, 25(3), 365–385.

Kähkönen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HJ, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS and Heinonen M. (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 3954-3962.

Gorbet DW, Kucharek TA, Shokes FM and Brenneman TB. (2004). Field evaluations of peanut germplasm for resistance to stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Peanut Sci. 31, 91–95.

Alhassan U. (2013). Genetic analysis of resistance to rosette disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea l.) PhD theses. University of Ghana.

Berchoux DE, CD. (1960). La rosette de l.arachide en Haute-Volta. Comportement de lignées résistantes. Oléagineux 15, 229-223.

Sulistyo A. and Inayati A. (2016). Mechanisms of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance of fourteen soybean genotypes in response to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). Biodiversitas 17(2), 447-453.

Taggar GK, Gill RS, Gupta AK and Singh S. (2014). Induced changes in the antioxidative compounds of Vigna mungo genotypes due to infestation by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Journal Environmental Biology 35(6), 1037-45.

Alpha RW. (2013). Effects of poplar phenolics on the fitness and behaviour of Chaitophorus aphids. University of Victoria.

Pavlovic D, Nikolic B, Durovic S, Waisi H and Anđelkovic A. (2014). Chlorophyll as a measure of plant health : Agroecological aspects. Pestic Phytomed, 29(1), 21–34.

Amrik SS. (2012). Development of integrated disease management package and transgenic technology for the control of powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.). Indian Institute of Horticultural Research.

Schelmmer MR, francis DD, Shanahan JF and Schepers JS. (2005). Remotely measuring chlorophyll content in corn leaves with differing nitrogen levels and relative water content. Agron. J, 97, 106-112.

Mayee CD. (1995). Current status and future approaches for management of groundnut disease in India. Indian Phytopath, 48, 389-401.

Karunakaran P. and Raj JS. (1980). Role of ascorbic acid on “tikka” disease of peanut. Agric. Res. Journal of Karala 18, 116-117.

Deom CM, T Kapewa, CM, Busolo–Bulafu RA, Naidu AJ, Chiyembekeza FM, Kimmins P, Subrahmanyam and PJA, van der Merwe. (2006). “Registration of ICG 299 peanut germplasm line.” Crop Science Journal, 46, 481.

Feeny P. (1970). Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51:565-581.

Appel H. M. (1993). Phenolics in ecological interactions: The importance of oxidation. Journal of Chemical Ecology 190, 1521-1552.

Barbehenn RV, Jaros A, Lee G, Mozola C, Weir Q and Salminen J. (2009). Tree resistance to Lymantria dispar caterpillars: Importance and limitation of foliar tannin composition. Oecologia 159, 777-788.

MabhaudhI T, and Modi AT. (2013). Growth, phenological and yield responses of a bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) landrace to imposed water stress: I. Field conditions. S.Afr. J. Plant Soil 30, 2.

Waterman PG. (1988). Plant Flauonoids in Biology and Medicine, II. (Cody, V., Middleton, E. Jnr., Harborne, J. B and Beretz A, eds), 77. Alan R. Lisa New York.

Barbehenn RV and Constabel CP. (2011). Tannins in plant-herbivore interactions. Phytochemistry 72, 1551-1565.