Assessment of fungi incidence, seed germination and aflatoxin contamination of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) from Lagos, Nigeria.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.3.0185Keywords:
Groundnut, Aflatoxin, Fungi infections, Market, Contamination, IncidenceAbstract
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume of high nutritive and market value usually contaminated by aflatoxin. The evaluation of aflatoxin contamination of groundnut entering the food system through the markets is necessary to ascertain the quality of the groundnut sold and subsequently advice groundnut consumers. The study assessed the aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) contamination levels in groundnut sold in some markets in Lagos, Nigeria. Groundnut seeds were sampled from five Local Government Areas (L. G.A) of Lagos State namely: Agege, Eti-Osa, Ifako Ijaye, Ketu and Oshodi. The samples were packaged in envelopes and transported to the Mycotoxin laboratory of the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria for assessment of the fungi infections, seed germination and aflatoxin contamination levels. The experiment for the assessment of fungi infecting and germination of groundnut seeds was laid out in a completely randomized design in ten replicates. Detection of AfB1 present in the groundnut samples was done using Enzyme Linked Immunesorbent Assay (ELISA) method in three replicates. Result showed that Aspergillus flavus Link was the most frequently isolated fungi with 46 % incidence, Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. had 20 % incidence, Aspergillus niger van Tiegh with 11 % and Fusarium verticollioides Sacc. 7 % incidence. The moisture content of groundnut seeds ranged between 7.20 % and 6.53 %. Aflatoxin B1 concentrations in groundnut samples was highest in Eti Osa LGA (5.11 µg/kg) while Oshodi LGA had the least concentration (3.09 µg/kg). Groundnut samples from the five Local Government Areas of Lagos State were contaminated with AfB1 at concentration levels below the safe limits for human consumption and health of 20µg/kg. Management of fungi infection on the field is recommended to prevent field to store contamination of groundnut seeds.
Metrics
References
Ibrahim U, Ayinde BT, Dauda H and Mukhtar AA. (2013). Socio Economics factors affecting groundnut production in Sabon Gari LGA of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Int. J. of Food and Agr. Eco, 1(1), 41-48.
Ajeigbe HA, Waliyar F, Echekwu CA, Ayuba K, Motagi BN, Eniayeju D and Inuwa A. (2014). A Farmer's Guide to Groundnut Production in Nigeria.Patancheru, Telangana, India: International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, 36.
Ndenn J, Diedhiou P and Atanda O. (2015). “The economic impact of aflatoxins in West Africa: the case of Gambia, Nigeria and Senegal”. Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, 15.
Vabi MB, Ogara I, Anjorin FT, Oluwabaniwo F, Alabi O, Ajeigbe HA and Denloye S. (2018). Aflatoxins in Nigerian Groundnut: Continuous Threat to Health, Agriculture and Foreign Trade. Policy Brief, 35, 4.
Bankole and Adebanjo. (2003).
Oyedele AO, Ezekiel, CN, Sulyok M, Adetunji MC, Warth B, Atanda OO and Krska R. (2017). Mycotoxin risk assessment for consumers of groundnut in domestic markets in Nigeria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 251, 24-32.
Oluwafemi F and Da-Silva FA. (2009). Removal of aflatoxins by viable and heat-killed Lactobacillus species isolated from fermented maize. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 16, 871 – 876.
Vabi MB, Eche CO, Mukhtar AA, Kunihya A, Alabi O, Adobe K, Ekefan EJ, Haruna SG, Motagi BN and Ajeigbe HA. (2016). Understanding and Managing Aflatoxin Contamination in the Groundnut Value Chain in Nigeria. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 9.
Sweeney MJ and Dobson ADW. (1998). “Mycotoxin Production by Aspergillus, Fusarium of and Penicillium Species,” Int. J. of Food Micro, 43(3), 141-158.
Abbas HK, Zablotowicz RM, Horn BW, Philips NA, Johnson BJ, Jin X and AbelCA. (2011). Comparison of major control strains of non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus for the reduction of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid in maize. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A, 28, 198-208.
Milicevic D, Nesic K and Jaksic S. (2015). Mycotoxin contamination of the food supply chain – Implications for one health programme. Procedia Food Science, 5, 187-190.
Atanda O, Makun HA, Ogara IM, Edema M, Idahor KO, Eshiett ME and Oluwabamiwo BF. (2013). Fungal and Mycotoxin Contamination of Nigerian foods and feeds. In : Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries, 38.
Misihairabgwia JM, Ezekiel CN, Sulyokc M, Shephardd GS and Krska R. (2017). Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007–2016).Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(1), 43-58.
Watanabe T. (2010). Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi: Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species, 3rd edition. American Phytopathology Society press, United State of America, 404.
Youssef MS, El-Maghraby OMO and Ibrahim YM. (2008). Mycobiota and Mycotoxins of Egyptian Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds. International Journal of Botany, 4(4), 349-360.
Ekhuemelo C and Abu SO. (2018). Evaluation of the Aflatoxin contamination and proximate composition of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) infected by Aspergillus spp. Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 35(2), 130-138.
Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Warth B, Odebode AC and Krska R. (2012). Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in peanut cake from Nigeria. Food Control, 27, 338–342.
Afolabi CG, Ezekiel CN, Ogunbiyi AE, Oluwadairo OJ, Sulyok M and Krska R. (2019). Fungi and mycotoxins in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) on Nigerian markets. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 1-7.
Ahmed AI and Jutta P. (2015). Mycotoxins: Producing Fungi and Mechanisms of Phytotoxicity. Agriculture, 5(3), 492-537.
Rodrigues P, Soares C, Kozakiewicz Z, Paterson RRM, Lima N and Venâncio A. (2007).Identificationand characterization of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxins. Comm. Curr. Resource and Edu. Top. and Trends in Applied Microbiology, 527- 534.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2004). Outbreak of Aflatoxin poisoning in Eastern and Central Provinces of Kenya. Morb. Mort. Weekly Report, 53 (34), 790-793.
Scheidegger KA and Payne GA. (2003). Unlocking the Secrets Behind Secondary Metabolism: A Review of Aspergillus flavus from Pathogenicity to Functional Genomics. Journal of Toxicology and Toxin Reviews, 22(2 and 3), 423– 459.
Eaton DL and Gallagher EP. (1994). Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis. Annual Review of Pharmacology, 34, 275-301.
Muhammad S, Shehu K and Amusa NA. (2004). Survey of the market diseases and aflatoxin contamination of tomato (Mill.) fruits in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Nutr and Food Science, 34, 72-76.
Mensah JK and Owusu E. (2012). Capsicum annum L. (pepper), Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (Okra), and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomato) from Accra metropolis. African Journal of Food Science, 6(1), 1-7.
Ahene RE, Odamtten GT and Owusu E. (2011). Fungal and bacterial contaminants of six spices and spice products in Ghana. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(9), 633-640.
Ezekiel CN, Fapohunda SO, Olorunfemi MF, Oyebanji AO and Obi I. (2013). Mycobiota and aflatoxin B1 contamination of Piper guineense (Ashanti pepper), P. nigrum L. (black pepper) and Monodora myristica (calabash nutmeg) from Lagos, Nigeria. International Food Resouirce Journal, 20(1), 111-116.
Mbadianya JI, Echezona BC and Ugwuoke K. (2013). Pathogenicity of fungi associated with the leaf spot disease of Eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) in a derived savannah zone. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2(4), 51-57.
Kwaloe AD, Msuya DG, Nchimbi-Msolla S, Tokpah DP and Luther Z. (2018). Incidence of seed borne fungi in farm saved rice seeds, quality declared seed and certified seed in Morogoro Region in Tanzania. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 10(7), 162-168.
Ok HE, Kim DM, Kim D, Chung SH, Chung MS, Park KH and Chun HS. (2014). Mycobiota and natural occurrence of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone in rice freshly harvested in South Korea. Food Control, 37, 284-291.
Agbetiameh D, Ortega-Beltran A, Awuah RT, Atehnkeng J, Cotty PJ and Bandyopadhyay R. (2018). Prevalence of Aflatoxin Contamination in Maize and Groundnut in Ghana: Population Structure, Distribution, and Toxigenicity of the Causal Agents. Plant Disease, 102, 764-772.
Afolabi CG, Ezekiel CN, Kehinde IA, Olaolu AW and Ogunsanya OM. (2014).Contamination of Groundnut in South-Western Nigeria by Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxins in Relation to Processing. Journal of Phytopathology, 163(4), 279-286.
Ayoade F and Adegbite TD. (2016). Microbiological screening of street-vended groundnut cake, Kulikuli and natural spices for reducing microbial contamination in the food snack. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci, 10(6), 2677-2691.
Begum MAJ, Venudevan B and Jayanthi M. (2013). Storage Fungi in Groundnut and the Associate Seed Quality Deterioration- A Review. Plant Pathology Journal, 12, 127-134.
Naqvi S and Zeeshan H. (2013). Combined efficacy of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles and different antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Int. J. Nanomed, 8, 3187.
Koteswara RV, Girisham S and Reddy SM. (2014). Influence of different species of Penicillium and their culture filtrates on seed germination and seedling growth of sorghum. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 5(4):, 832-837.
Hasan HAH.(1999). Phytotoxicity of pathogenic fungi and their mycotoxins to cereal seedling viability. Mycopathologia, 148, 149-155.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.