Growth and survival promotion of a probiotic bacterium Enterococcus durans enriched Artemia nauplii on the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Authors

  • Indira Bhaheerathan Jain Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Periyakali Saravana Bhavan Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Chinnasamy Dharani Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Thangaraj Manjula Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Ramasamy Kalpana Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Thirunavukkarasu Muralisankar Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Madhayan Karthik Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Paramasivam Puvitha Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.1.0201

Keywords:

Live feed, Artemia, Prawn, Probiotics, E. durans, Growth, Survival, Gut microflora, Digestive enzymes, Protein

Abstract

This work accentuate the growth performance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL) fed with a probiotic bacterium, Enterococcus durans enriched live feed Artemia franciscana nauplii at five different serially diluted concentrations (10-1, 10-3, 10-5, 10-7 and 10-9). After 45 days of the feeding trial, the survival rate, growth rate, activities of protease, amylase and lipase, and contents of total protein, amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid were significantly (P<0.05) increased, particularly at 1071×10-7 CFU. The gut microflora of un-enriched Artemia nauplii fed prawns showed the presence of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Pseduomonas sp. The optimized concentration of E. durans enriched Artemia nauplii fed prawns showed the presence of Enterococcus sp., E. coli, Bacillus sp., and Klebsiella sp. The pathogenic bacteria, Citrobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Pseduomonas sp., were competitively excluded in the gut of prawns due to the colony establishment of Enterococcus sp., Hence, E. durans can be used as a enrichment material of Artemia nauplii for sustainable culture of M. rosenbergii.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

FAO. (2016). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture (SOFIA): Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 200.

Bhavan PS, Radhakishnan S, Seenivasan C, Shanti R, Poongodi R and Kannan S. (2010). Proximate composition and profile of amino acids and fatty acids in the muscle of adult males and females of commercially viable prawn species in Macrobrachium rosenbergii collected from natural culture environment. International Journal of Biology, 2(2), 107-119.

Jiravanichpaisal P, Chuaychuwong P and Menasveta P. (1997). The use of Lactobacillus sp., as the probiotic bacteria in the giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius), Poster session of the 2nd Asia-Pacific marine biotechnology conference and 3rd Asia-pacific conference on algal biotechnology, Phuket, Thailand, 16.

Verschuere L, Heang H, Criel G, Dafnis S, Sorgeloos P and Verstraete W. (2000). Selected bacterial strains protect Artemia sp., from the pathogenic effects of Vibrio proteolyticus CW8T2. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 1139-1146.

Rengpipat S, Phianphak W, Piyatiratitivorakul S and Menasaveta P. (1998). Effects of a probiotic bacterium in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon survival and growth. Aquaculture, 167, 301-313.

Holmstrom C and Kjelleberg S. (1999). Marine Pseudoalteromonas species are associated with higher organisms and produce biologically active extracellular agents. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 30, 285-293.

Mariel G, Fabiano T and Jenny R. (2004). Selection of probiotic bacteria and study of their immunostimulatory effect in Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 233, 1-14.

Al-Dohail MA, Hashim R and Aliyu-Paiko M. (2009). Effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus on the growth performance, haematology parameters and immunoglobulin concentration in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerling. Aquaculture Research, 40, 1642-1652.

Merrifiled DL, Dimitroglou A, Foey A, Davies SJ, Baker RTM, Bogwald J, Castex M and Ringgo E. (2010). The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids. Aquaculture, 302, 1-18.

Cruz PM, Ibanez AL, Hermosillo OAM and Saad HCR. (2012). Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture. ISRN Microbiology, Article ID 916845, 13.

Mohapatra S, Chakraborty T, Prusty AK, Das P, Paniprasad K and Mohanta KN. (2012). Use different microbial probiotic in the diet of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings: effect on growth, nutrient digestibility and retention, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora. Aquaculture Nutrition, 18, 1-11.

Perez-Sanchez T, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Blas ID and Balcazar JL. (2013). Probiotics in aquaculture: a current assessment. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5, 1-14.

Newaj-Fyzul A, Al-harbi AH and Austin B. (2014). Review: Developments in the use of probiotics for disease control in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 431, 1-11.

Dawood MAO, Koshio S, Ishikawa M and Yokoyama S. (2015). Effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum (LP20) supplemental diets on growth performance, stress resistance and immune response of red sea bream Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 442, 29-36.

Kumar V, Roy S, Meena DK and Sarkar UK. (2016). Application of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture: Importance, mechanisms of action, and methods of administration. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 24, 342-368.

Zheng CN and Wang W. (2016). Effects of Lactobacillus pentosuson the growth performance, digestive enzyme and disease resistance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture Research, 48(6), 1-11.

Chumpol S, KantachoteNitoda T and Kanzaki H. (2017). The roles of probiotic purple nonsulfur bacteria to control water quality and prevent acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) for enhancement growth with higher survival in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during cultivation. Aquaculture, 473, 327-336.

Liu CH, Wu K, Chu TW and Wu TM. (2018). Dietary supplementation of probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, enhances the growth performance and disease resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Aquaculture International, 26(1), 63-74.

Madani NSH, Adorian TJ, Farsani HG and Hoseinifar SH. (2018). The effects of dietary probiotic Bacilli (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition and immune parameters of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae. Aquaculture Research, 49(5), 1926-1933.

Tsai CY, Chi CC and Liu CH (2019). The growth and apparent digestibility of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei are increased with the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis. Aquaculture Research, 50(5), 1475-1481.

Jayanthi L, Bhavan PS, Srinivasan V, Muralisankar T and Manickam N. (2015a). Probiotics product (LactoBacil®plus) on improvement of survival, growth, digestive enzymes activity, nutritional status and gut microflora of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. International Journal of Current Research, 7, 11440–11453.

Jayanthi L, Bhavan PS, Srinivasan V, Muralisankar T and Manickam N. (2015b). Dietary supplementation of probiotics product (ViBact*) on the survival, growth, biochemical constituents and gut microflora of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachiumrosenbergii post-larvae. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2, 67–88.

Adeoye AA, Yomla R, Torren AJ, Rodiles A, Merrifield DL and Davies SJ. (2016). Combined effects of exogenous enzymes and probiotic on nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome. Aquaculture, 463, 61-70.

Seenivasan C, Radhakrishnan S, Muralisankar T and Saravana Bhavan P. (2016). Effects of probiotics on survival, growth and digestive enzymes activities in freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man 1879). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 69(1), 52-60.

Narmatha V, Bhavan PS, Karthik M, Srinivasan V, Mahendran R and Satgurunathan, T. (2017). Lactobacillus fermentum on ammonia reduction and growth promotion of Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae, and in vitro competitive exclusions of pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(1), 506–514.

Karthik M and Bhavan PS. (2018). Supplementation of Lactobacillus brevis for Growth Promotion of the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post Larvae and identification of Gut Microflora through 16s r-DNA. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 13(1), 34–50.

Karthik M, Bhavan PS and Manjula T. (2018a). Growth Promoting Potential and Colonization Ability of Probiotics (Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus subtilis) on the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post-Larvae. Insights in Biology and Medicine, 2, 007–018.

Karthik M, Bhavan PS, Seenivasan V, Asaikkutti A, Muralisankar T and Mahendran R. (2018b). Dietary Supplementation of Lactobacillus fermentum for Improving the Survival, Growth and Nutritional Profiles of the Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and 16S rDNA based Identification of its Establishment. Scholar Reports, 3(1), 06, 38–62.

Manjula S, Bhavan PS, Karthik M, Anitha D, Kalpana R and Manjula T. (2018). Survival, Growth, Activities of Digestive Enzymes, Concentrations of Basic Biochemical Constituents and Competitive Exclusion of Pathogenic Bacteria in Bacillus coagulans Supplemented Diet Fed Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post-Larvae. International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(12), 9-22.

Sudha A, Bhavan PS, Manjula T, Kalpana R and Karthik M. (2019). Bacillus licheniformis as a probiotic bacterium for culture of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 5(4), 44-61.

Moreno MRF, Sarantinopoulos P, Tsakalidou E and De-Vuyst. (2006). The role and application of enterococci in food and health. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 106, 1–24.

Hanchi H, Mottawea W, Sebei K and Hammami R. (2018). The Genus Enterococcus: Between Probiotic Potential and Safety Concerns - An Update. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1791.

Igbinos EO and Beshiru A. (2019). Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Biofilm Formation of Enterococcus Species from Ready-to-Eat Seafood. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 728.

Braiek OB and Smaoui S. (2019). Enterococci: Between Emerging Pathogens and Potential Probiotics. BioMed Research International, Article ID 5938210, 13.

Nami Y, Bakhshayesh RV, Jalaly HM, Lotfi H, Eslami S and Hejazi MA. (2019). Probiotic Properties of Enterococcus Isolated From Artisanal Dairy Products. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 300.

Cheng W and Chen JC. (2002). The virulence of Enterococcus to freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its immune resistance under ammonia stress. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 12, 97–109.

Cheng W, Liu CH, Hsu JP and Chen JC. (2002). Effect of hypoxia on the immune response of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its susceptibility to pathogen Enterococcus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 13, 351–365.

Cai YM, Suyanandana P, Saman P and Benno Y. (1999). Classification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the intestine of common carp and freshwater prawns. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 45, 177-184.

Jain IB, Bhavan PS,Kalpana R, Manjula T, Dharani C, Muralisankar T, Veerapandi A and Karthik M. (2020a). Performance of probiotic bacterium, Enterococcus gallinarum enriched Artemia franciscana nauplii on survival, growth and basic biochemical constituents of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences, 8(2), 13-22.

Jain IB, Bhavan PS,Manjula T, Dharani C, Kalpana R, Muralisankar T, Aiswaryalakshmi S and Karthik M. (2020b). Growth Performance of the Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post Larvae Fed with Probiotic Bacterium, Enterococcus hirae Enriched Artemia franciscana Nauplii. International Journal of Zoological Investigations, 6(1), 107-121.

Boopathi S, Selvakumar G and Sivakumar N. (2017). Quorum quenching potentials of probiotic Enterococcus durans LAB38 against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research,10(4), 445-450.

Tekinay AA and Davies SJ. (2001). Dietary carbohydrate level influencing feed intake, nutrient utilisation and plasma glucose concentration in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25, 657-666.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough WJ, Fair AL and Randall RJ. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-275.

Moore S and Stein WH. (1948). Methods in Enzymology (Eds: Olowick, Spand Kalpan, ND), Academic Press, New York, 468.

Roe JH. (1995). The determination of sugar and blood and spinal fluid with anthrone reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 212, 335-343.

Folch J, Lees M and Bloane-Stanely GH. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 497-509.

Barnes H and Blackstock J. (1973). Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues. Detail investigation of the sulphophosphovanillin method for total lipids. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 12, 103-118.

AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis of association of analytical communities international. 2 vol. 16th ed. Arlington, VA, USA.

Furne M, Hidalgo MC, Lopez A, Garcia Gallego M, Morales AE and Domezain A. (2005). Digestive enzyme activities in adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), A comparative study. Aquaculture, 250, 391-398.

Bernfeld P. (1955). Amylases, in: Colowick S.P., Kaplan N.O., ed., Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, New York, 149-158.

Holt JG, Krie NR, Sneath PHA, Stately JT and Williams ST. (1996). Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 787.

Seenivasan C, Radhakrishnan S, Muralisankar T and Saravana Bhavan P. (2012). Bacillus subtilis on survival, growth, biochemical constituents and energy utilization of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 38, 195-203.

Ali A, Mansour TM, Naser A andMahmoud NB. (2017). Effects of enriched Artemia with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chaetoceros gracilis on growth performance, stress resistance and fatty acid profile of Litopenaeus vannamei post larvae. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(2), 669-673.

Mahmood A, Saeed M, Nasrollah A and Seyed HH. (2016). The effects of feeding with synbiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide) enriched adult Artemia on skin mucus immune responses, stress resistance, intestinal microbiota and performance of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 54, 516-522.

Nadella RK, Prakash RR, Jadhao SB, Brahmchari RK, Kumar K and Dash G. (2013). Effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis on gut microbiota, growth and immune response in giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879). Aquaculture International, 21, 387-403.

Nadella RK, Prakash RR, Dash G, Ramanathan, SK, Kuttanappilly LV and Mothadaka MP. (2017). Histopathological changes in giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man 1879) fed with probiotic Bacillus licheniformis upon challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. Aquaculture Research, 1–12.

Liu H, Liu M, Wang B, Jiang K, Jiang S, Sun S and Wang L. (2010). PCR-DGGE analysis of intestinal bacteria and effect of Bacillus sp. On intestinal microbial diversity in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 28, 808-814.

Nimrat S, Suksawat S, BoonthaiT and Vuthiphandchai V. (2012). Potential Bacillus probiotics enhance bacterial numbers, water quality and growth during early development of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Veterinary Microbiology, 159, 443-450.

Seenivasan C, Bhavan PS and Radhakrishnan S. (2011). Effect of probiotics (BinifitTM) on survival, growth, biochemical constituents and energy budget of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae. Elixir Aquaculture, 41, 5919–5927.

Seenivasan C, Radhakrishnan S, Shanthi R, Muralisankar T and Saravana Bhavan P. (2014). Effect of Lactobacillus sporogeneson survival, growth, biochemical constituents and energy utilization of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae. Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 67, 19-24.

Gupta A, Verma G and Gupta P. (2016). Growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activity, innate immunity and protection against Vibrio harveyi of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed diets supplemented with Bacillus coagulans. Aquaculture International, 24,1379-1392.

Zhou XX, Wang YB and Li WF. (2009). Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality, survival rate and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 287, 349-353.

Liu CH, Chiu CS, Ho PL and Wang SW. (2009). Improvement in the growth performance of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), by a protease-producing probiotic Bacillus subtilis E20, from natto. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107(3), 1031-1041.

Nasim SHM, Taida JA, Hamed GF and Seyed HH. (2018). The effects of dietary probiotic Bacilli (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition and immune parameters of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) post larvae. Aquaculture Research, 49, 1926-1933.

Sun Y-Z, Yang H-L, Ma R-L, Song K and Li J-S. (2012). Effect of Lactococcus lactis and Enterococcus faecium on growth performance, digestive enzymes and immune response of grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Aquaculture Nutrition, 18 (3), 281-289.

Rui-Peng H, Jie F, Xiang-Li T, Shuang-Lin D and Bin W. (2017). Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotics on the growth, activities of digestive and non‐specific immune enzymes in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). Aquaculture Research, 48(5), 782-5790.

Afrilasari W, Widanarni W and Meryandini A. (2016). Effect of probiotic Bacillus megaterium PTB 1.4 on the population of intestinal microflora, digestive enzyme activity and the growth of catfish (Clarias sp.). Hayati Journal of Biosciences, 23, 168-172.

Mohammadian T, Alishahi M, Tabandeh MR, Ghorbanpoor M and Gharibi D. (2017). Effect of Lactobacillus plantarumand Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus on growth performance, gut microbial flora and digestive enzymes activities in (Tor grypus Karaman, 1971). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 16(1), 296-317.

Zhang C, Zhang J, Fan W, Huang M and Liu M. (2018). Effects of dietary Lactobacillus delbrueckii on growth performance, body composition, digestive and absorptive capacity, and gene expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Huanghevar). Aquaculture Nutrition, 25 (1), 166-175.

Seenivasan C, Bhavan PS, Radhakrishnan S, Muralisankar T, Immanuel G, Srinivasan V and Manickam N. (2013). Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on survival, growth, biochemical constituents and energy utilization in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 4, 39–47.

Dawood MAO and Koshio S. (2016). Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture, 454, 243-251.

Ziaei-Nejad S, Rezaei MH, TakamiGA, Lovett DL, Mirvaghefi AR and Shakouri M. (2006). The effect of Bacillus sp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus). Aquaculture, 252, 516-524.

Wang YB, Fu LL and Lin J. (2012). Probiotic (Bacillus coagulans) cells in the diet benefit the white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Shellfish Research, 31(3), 855-860.

De D, Raja RA, Ghoshal TK, Mukherjee S and Vijayan KK. (2018). Evaluation of growth, feed utilization efficiency and immune parameters in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) fed diets supplemented with or diet fermented with gut bacterium Bacillus sp. DDKRC1. Isolated from gut of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture Research, 49, 2147-55.

Nimrat S, Khaopong W, Sangsong J, Boonthai T and Vuthiphandchai V. (2019). Dietary administration of Bacillus and yeast probiotics improves the growth, survival, and microbial community of juvenile white leg shrimp, (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 1-17.

Garriques D and Arevalo G. (1995). An evaluation of the production and use of a live bacterial isolate to manipulate the microbial flora in the commercial production of (Penaeus vannamei) post larvae in Ecuador. In: Swimming Through Troubled Waters. Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp Farming (ed. by C.L. Browd and J.S. Hopkins), World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, USA, 53-59.

Guzman-Villanueva LT, Escobedo-Fregoso C, Barajas-Sandoval DR, Gomez-Gil B, Pena-Rodríguez A, Martínez-Diaz SF and Quiroz-Guzman E. (2019). Assessment of microbial dynamics and antioxidant enzyme gene expression following probiotic administration in farmed Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture, 519, 734907.

Fernandez R, Sridhar M and Sridhar N. (2011). Effect of Lactic acid bacteria administered orally on growth performance of (Penaeus indicus) (H. Milne Edwards) juveniles. Research Journal of Microbiology, 6, 466-479.

Braiek OB, Ghomrassi H, Cremonesi P, Morandi S, Fleury Y, Chevalier PL, Hani K, Hadj OB and Ghrairi T. (2017). Isolation and characterisation of an enterocin P-producing Enterococcus lactis strain from a fresh shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 110, 771–786.

Nami Y, Abdullah N, Haghshenas B, Radiah D, Rosli R and Khosroushahi AY. (2014). Probiotic assessment of Enterococcus durans 6HL and Lactococcus lactis 2HL isolated from vaginal microflora. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63, 1044–1051.

Downloads

Published

2020-07-30

How to Cite

Jain , I. B., Bhavan , P. S., Dharani , C., Manjula , T., Kalpana , R., Muralisankar , T., Karthik , M., & Puvitha , P. (2020). Growth and survival promotion of a probiotic bacterium Enterococcus durans enriched Artemia nauplii on the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12(1), 087–101. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.1.0201

Issue

Section

Original Article