Biochemical studies on the antidiabetic properties of immature palmyra palm fruits studied in high fat diet fed-low dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes in rats

Krishnamoorthy Renuka; Neeli Parvathi; Sorimuthu Pillai Subramanian

doi:10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.3.0304

Authors

Krishnamoorthy Renuka Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai- 600 025.
Neeli Parvathi Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai- 600 025.
Sorimuthu Pillai Subramanian Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai- 600 025.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.3.0304

Keywords:

Palm tree, Immature palm fruits, Antidiabetic, Biochemical markers and Regulatory enzymes

Abstract

Borassus flabellifer Linn. commonly known as the “Palm tree” is a tall, erect and celestial tree with more than 800 established uses. The immature palmyra palm fruits have been traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes and its secondary complications. In the absence of systemic reports in the literature, the present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of the immature fruits in High fat diet-fed low-dose STZ induced experimental type 2 diabetes in rats. Diabetic rats were orally treated with palmyra palm fruits extract at a concentration of 400 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed. The levels of fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR values were estimated. The activities of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate and glycogen metabolism in the liver and kidney tissues were assayed. The glycogen content in liver tissue was estimated. Chemical analysis evidenced the presence of pharmacologically important phytochemicals and the significant levels of phenolic and flavonoid content in the fruit extract. The alterations observed in the diabetic rats on the important biochemical indices such as fasting blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobulin, and glycosylated hemoglobulin were reverted to the physiological range after oral treatment with fruits extract. Likewise, the altered levels of protein, urea, uric acid and creatinine were normalized after treatment with fruits extract. The assay of activities of regulatory enzymes revealed the role of fruits extract in the regulation of carbohydrate and glycogen metabolism. The results of the present study provide substantial evidence for the rationale and antidiabetic properties of immature palmyra palm fruits extract.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. 2014; 37(1): 81-90.

P Zimmet, Kelly West Lecture. Challenges in diabetes epidemiology-from West to the Rest. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15: 232–252.

JS Skyler, GL Bakris, E Bonifacio. Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis. Diabetes. 2017; 66: 241–255.

P Zimmet. Diabetes epidemiology as a trigger to diabetes research. Diabetologia. 1999; 42: 499–518.

F Folli, Domenico Corradi, Paolo Fanti, Alberto Davalli, Ana Paez, Andrea Giaccari, Carla Perego and Giovanna Muscogiuri. The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Micro- and Macrovascular Complications: Avenues for a Mechanistic-Based Therapeutic Approach. Current Diabetes Reviews. 2011; 7: 313-324.

IA Leclercq, A Da Silva Morais, B Schroyen, N Van Hul, A Geerts. Insulin resistance in hepatocytes and sinusoidal liver cells: Mechanisms and consequences. J Hepatol. 2007; 47: 142–56.

SA Raptis, GD Dimitriadis. Oral hypoglycemic agents: insulin secretagogues, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and insulin sensitizers. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001; 109(2): 265-87.

NR Farnsworth, O Akerele, AS Bingel, , DD Soejarto, Z Guo. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1985; 63: 965-981.

JF Morton. Notes on Distribution, Propagation, and Products of Borassus Palms (Arecaceae). Economic Botany. 1988; 42(3): 420-441.

PC Vengaiah, GN Murthy, KR Prasad, KU Kumari. Post-harvest technology of Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer L) present practises and scope. International conference on food processing by Omics group, India. 2012.

Ankita Aman, Rajni Rajan, Suparna Sinha. The Palmyrah Palm (Borassus flabellifer L.): Overview of Biology, Uses, and Cultivation. Biomolecule Reports. 2018.

S Arulraj, BJ Augustine. Underutilized palms. In: Peter KV. Ed. Underutilized and underexploited horticultural crops. New India Publishing Agency. 2008; 3: 415–29.

VS Ramachandran, K Swarupanandan, Renuka C. A traditional irrigation system using Palmyra palm Borassus flabellifer in Kerala, India. Palms. 2004; 48: 175–81.

KS Saravanya, SA Kavitha. Study on properties of Palmyra sprout. Int J Curr Res. 2017; 9:54299-54301.

I Uluwaduge, AA Punya, SN Senadheera, ER Jansz. Studies onthe natural hydrophobic blinder of flabelliferins and their effect on some bioactivities. J. Natl. Sci. Found .Sri Lanka. 2005; 33: 187-191.

I Uluwaduge, MI Thabrew, ER Janz. The effect of flabelliferins of palmyrah fruit pulp on intestinal glucose uptake in mice. J. Natl. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka. 2006; 34: 37-41.

K Renuka, V Roshana Devi, SP Subramanian. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant potential of immature Palmyra palm (Borassus Flabellifer Linn.) fruits. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2018; 10(8): 77-83.

K Renuka, C Sharmila, SP Subramanian. Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of immature Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer linn.) fruits. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2019; 55(1): 50-57.

JB Harbone. Phytochemical Methods. London: Chapman and Hall. 1998; 117-9.

CK Kokate, AP Purohit, SB Gokhale. Drug’s containing glycosides, drugs containing tannins, lipids and protein alkaloids. Text Book of Pharmacognosy: Carbohydrate and Derived Products. 7th ed. India: Nitrali Prakashan. 2001; 133-523.

OECD. Guideline Number 423 for the Testing of Chemicals: Revised Draft Guideline 423 (Acute Oral Toxicity). Paris. France: OECD. 2000.

Pradeep Goyal, Anil Agarwal, Lakshminarasimhaiah, GK Singh. Hypoglycemic Activity of Inflorescence of Borassus flabellifer Extracts on Blood Glucose Levels of Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2014; 8(11): 1738-1742.

RK Suman, IR Mohanty, MK Borde, U Maheshwari, YA Deshmukh. Development of an experimental model of diabetes co-existing with metabolic syndrome in rats. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. 2016; 1-11.

D Matthews, J Hosker, A Rudenski, B Naylor, D Treacher, R Turner. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985; 28: 412-419.

P Trinder. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidaseperoxidase system with a non-carcinogenic chromogen. J Clin Pathol. 1969; 22: 158-161.

DL Drabkin, JM Austin. Spectrophotometric constants for common hemoglobin derivatives in human, dog and rabbit blood. J Biol Chem. 1932; 98: 719-733.

SS Nayak, TN Pattabiraman. A new colorimetric method for the estimation of glycosylated hemoglobin. Clin Chem Acta. 1981; 109: 267-274.

OH Lowry, NJ Rosebrough, , AL Farr, RJ Randall. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193: 265-275.

S Natelson, ML Scott, E Begga. A rapid method for the estimation of urea in biological fluids by means of the reaction between diacetyl and urea. Am J Clin Pathol. 1951; 21: 275- 281.

J Brod, JH Sirota. The renal clearance of endogenous “creatinine” in man. J Clin Invest. 1948; 27: 645-654.

WI Caraway. Uric acid. In: Standard methods of clinical chemistry. (Ed.) Seligson D. Vol.4, Academic Press, New York. 1963; 239-247.

J King. The transaminases: alanine and aspartate transaminases. In: Practical Clinical Enzymology (ed.) D Van, Nostrand Co., London. 1965a; 363–395.

J King. The hydrolases-acid and alkaline phosphatases. In: Practical clinical enzymology. (Ed.) Van D. Nostrand Co, London.1965b; 199-208.

N Brandstrup, JE Kirk, C Bruni. The hexokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase activities of aortic and pulmonary artery tissue in individuals of various ages. J Gerontol. 1957; 12: 166–171.

CI Pogson, RM Denton. Effect of alloxan diabetes, starvation and refeeding on glycolytic kinase activities in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Nature. 1967; 216: 156–157.

H Koide, T Oda. Pathological occurrence of glucose-6-phosphatase in serum in liver diseases. Clin ChimActa. 1959; 4: 554–561.

JM Gancedo, C Gancedo. Fructose-1, 6 diphosphatase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from fermenting and non-fermenting yeasts. Arch Mikrobiol. 1971; 76:132–138.

HA Ells, HN Kirkman. A colorimetric method for assay of erythrocytic glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1967; 106: 607–609.

LF Leloir, SH Goldemberg. Glycogen synthetase from rat liver: (Glucose)n+ (UDPG)→(Glucose)n+1+UDP. In: Colowick, S.P., Kalpan, N.O. (Eds.), Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, New York. 1962; 145–147.

M Cornblath, PJ Randle, A Parmeggiani, HE Morgan. Effects of phospholipids and anoxia on lactate production, glycogen content, and phosphorylase activity in the perfused isolated rat heart. J Biol Chem. 1963; 238: 1592-1597.

MA Morales, AJ Jabbagy, HR Terenizi. Mutations affecting accumulation of glycogen. Neurospora News.1973; 20: 24–25.

B Singchai, K Kansane, B Chourykaew. Phytochemical screening and biological activities of Borassus flabellifer L. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2015; 8: 151-3.

AJ Sarkodie, AS Squire, AI Kretchy. Borassus aethiopum, a potential medicinal source of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents. Herb Med. 2015; 2: 1.

S Kumar,M Pooja, K Harika, EHiawatha, G Nagabhushanamma, N Vidyavathi. In vitro antioxidant activities, total phenolics and flavonoid contents of whole plant of Hemidesmus indicus Linn. Asian J Pharm Clin. 2013; 6: 249-51.

D Somit, D Priyankar, CT Kumar. Quantification and correlation of the bioactive phytochemicals of Croton bonplandianum leaves of sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2013; 6: 142-7.

SK Swanston-Flat, C Day, CJ Bailey, PR Flatt. Traditional plant treatment for diabetes: Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetologia. 1990; 33: 462-464.

KG Alberti, PZ Zimmet. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998; 15(7): 539-553.

JP Sheehan. Fasting hyperglycemia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004; 6(4): 525-533.

A Barthel, D Schmoll. Novel concepts in insulin regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 285(4): E685-692.

DS Edgerton, S Cardin, C Pan, D Neal, B Farmer, M Converse, AD Cherrington. Effects of insulin deficiency or excess on hepatic gluconeogenic flux during glycogenolytic inhibition in the conscious dog. Diabetes. 2002; 51(11): 3151-3162.

J Girard. The Inhibitory Effects of Insulin on Hepatic Glucose Production Are Both Direct and Indirect. Diabetes. 2006; 55(2): S65-S65.

M Roden. Hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2008; 158(19-20): 558-561.

R Ilouz, O Kaidanovich, D Gurwitz, H Eldar-Finkelman. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta by bivalent zinc ions: insight into the insulin-mimetic action of zinc. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002; 295(1): 102-6.

YM Luijf, J Hermanides, MJ Serlie, JB Hoekstra, MR Soeters. The added value of oral glucose tolerance testing in pre-diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2011; 7(1): 56-60.

X Zhuang, X Pang, W Zhang, W Wu, J Zhao, H Yang, W Qu. Effects of zinc and manganese on advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation and AGEs-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction. Life Sci. 2012; 90(3-4): 131-9.

TP Almdal, H Vilstrup. Exogenous hyperglucagonaemia in insulin controlled diabetic rats increases urea excretion and nitrogen loss from organs. Diabetologia. 1988; 31(11): 836-41.

MW Haymond. Measuring insulin resistance: a task worth doing: but how?. Pediatr Diabetes. 2003; 4: 115-118.

R Sallie, JM Tredger, R Williams. Drugs and the liver. Part 1: Testing liver function. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1991; 12(4): 251-9.

S Kumar Rajagopal, P Manickam, V Periyasamy, N Namasivayam. Activity of Cassia auriculata leaf extract in rats with alcoholic liver injury. J Nutr Biochem. 2003; 14(8): 452-8.

B Saraswat, PK Visen, GK Patnaik, BN Dhawan. Anticholestatic effect of picroliv, active hepatoprotective principle of Picrorhiza kurrooa, against carbon tetrachloride induced cholestasis. Indian J Exp Biol. 1993; 31(4): 316-8.

MG Rajesh MS Latha. Preliminary evaluation of the antihepatotoxic activity of Kamilari, a polyherbal formulation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 91(1): 99-104.

FE Uboh, EO Iniobong, MB Ekong. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Psidium guajava Leaves on Liver Enzymes, Histological Integrity and Haematological Indices in Rats. Gastroenterol. Res. 2010; 3(1): 32-38.

RC Nordlie, JD Foster, AJ Lange. Regulation of glucose production by the liver. Annul Rev Nutr. 1999; 19: 379–406.

A Shirwaikar, A Shirwaikar, K Rajendran, IS Punitha. In vitro antioxidant studies on the benzyl tetra isoquinoline alkaloid berberine. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006; 29: 1906-1910.

C Postic, M Shiota, MA Magnuson. Cell-specific roles of glucokinase in glucose homeostasis. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2001; 56: 195–217.

B Chaneton, P Hillmann, L Zheng, AC Martin, OD Maddocks, A Chokkathukalam, JE Coyle, A Jankevics, FP Holding, KH Vousden, C Frezza, M O'Reilly, E Gottlieb. Serine is a natural ligand and allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase M2. Nature. 2012; 491(7424): 458-62.

NC Denko. Hypoxia, HIF1 and glucose metabolism in the solid tumour. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008; 8(9): 705-13.

S Rajeswarareddy, T Lavany, G Narasimhulu, K Sathyavelureddy. Effect of Pimpinellatirupatiensison Oxidative Enzymes in STZ-induced Diabetic Rat Kidney. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012; 11(1): 277-86.

AR Saltiel, CR Kahn. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 2001; 414(6865): 799-806.

G Mahendran, M Manoj, E Murugesh, R Sathish Kumar, P Shanmughavel, KJ Rajendra Prasad, V Narmatha Bai. In vivo anti-diabetic, antioxidant and molecular docking studies of 1, 2, 8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy xanthone and 1, 2- dihydroxy-6- methoxyxanthone-8-O-ß-D-xylopyranosyl isolated from Swertia corymbosa. Phytomedicine. 2014; 21(11): 1237-48.

RE Flückiger-Isler, P Walter. Stimulation of rat liver glycogen synthesis by the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5- iodotubercidin. Biochem J. 1993; 292(1): 85-91.

ML Parolin, LL Spriet, E Hultman, MG Hollidge-Horvat, NL Jones, GJ Heigenhauser. Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and PDH during exercise in human skeletal muscle during hypoxia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 278(3): E522-34.

JC Ferrer, C Favre, RR Gomis, JM Fernández-Novell, M García-Rocha, N de la Iglesia, E. Cid, JJ Guinovart. Control of glycogen deposition. FEBS Lett 2003; 546(1): 127-32.