Toxicity of two groups of pesticides against the mosquito Aedes aegypti

Mohammed Rashed Al Zahrani; Fatehia Nasser Gharsan; Khalid Mohammed Al-Ghamdi; Jazem Abdullah Mahyoub; Tariq Saeed Alghamdi

doi:10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.1.0334

Authors

Mohammed Rashed Al Zahrani Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Elehtefalat Street, Jeddah -80203-22230, Saudi Arabia.
Fatehia Nasser Gharsan Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Al-Baha University, King Saud Street, Al-Baha 22888/998, Saudi Arabia.
Khalid Mohammed Al-Ghamdi Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Elehtefalat Street, Jeddah -80203-22230, Saudi Arabia.
Jazem Abdullah Mahyoub Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Elehtefalat Street, Jeddah -80203-22230, Saudi Arabia.
Tariq Saeed Alghamdi Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Al-Baha University, King Saud Street, Al-Baha 22888/998, Saudi Arabia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.1.0334

Keywords:

Bioassay, Larva, LC50, Organophosphate, Pyrethroid

Abstract

The mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector for several pathogens that affect human health worldwide. Therefore, mosquito control is the best approach to prevent disease outbreaks. In this milieu, it is preferable to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical pesticides at regular intervals to identify the most effective ones and use them during the outbreaks of diseases and spread of pests. Here, we aimed to study the toxicity of six pesticides, which are classified under two groups, namely pyrethroids and organophosphates, against A. aegypti mosquitoes to improve disease control in Saudi Arabia. Hortak was the most effective in larval mosquito control (LC50 = 0.0031 ppm), followed by Aquapal Super 20 EW (LC50 = 0.0389 ppm), whereas Solfac was the least effective (LC50 = 0.1119 ppm). In addition, the sensitivity of the tested larvae to Safrotin and Keen 600 EC was 8.1 and 58.9 times higher than that to Resfin-5, which was the least effective, respectively. Hortak and Safrotin exhibited the highest toxicity against the larvae of A. aegypti. Our findings confirm that the tested pesticides can be used in mosquito-control programs during epidemic outbreaks and emergency.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Reinhold JM, Lazzari CR, Lahondère C. Effects of the environmental temperature on Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A review. Insects. 2018; 9: 158.

Gharsan FN. A review of the bioactivity of plant products against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Entomological Science. Jul 2019; 54(3): 256-74.

Githeko AK, Lindsay SW, Confalonieri UE, Patz JA. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2000; 78: 1136–1147.

Hennessey M, Fischer M, Staples JE. Zika virus spreads to new areas—region of the Americas, May 2015–January 2016. Am J Transplant. 2016; 16: 1031–1034.

Gregory CJ, Oduyebo T, Brault AC, Brooks JT, Chung KW, Hills S, Kuehnert MJ, Mead P, Meaney-Delman D, Rabe I, Staples E. Modes of transmission of Zika virus. The Journal of infectious diseases. 15 Dec 2017; 216(suppl_10): S875-83.

Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL, Drake JM, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG, Sankoh O, Myers MF. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature. Apr 2013; 496(7446): 504-7.

Brady OJ, Gething PW, Bhatt S, Messina JP, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG, Moyes CL, Farlow AW, Scott TW, Hay SI. Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7 Aug 2012; 6(8): e1760.

World Health Organization. Dengue and severe dengue. [accessed December 19, 2019].

Ashford DA, Savage HM, Hajjeh RA, McReady J, Bartholomew DM, Spiegel RA, Vorndam V, Clark GG, Gubler DG. Outbreak of dengue fever in Palau, Western Pacific, risk factor for injection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003; 69: 135–140.

Memish ZA, Albarrak A, Almazroa MA, Al-Omar I, Alhakeem R, Assiri A, Fagbo S, MacNeil A, Rollin PE, Abdullah N, Stephens G. Seroprevalence of Alkhurma and other hemorrhagic fever viruses, Saudi Arabia. Emerging infectious diseases. Dec 2011; 17(12): 2316.

Khan NA, Azhar EI, El-Fiky S, Madani HH, Abuljadial MA, Ashshi AM, Turkistani AM, Hamouh EA. Clinical profile and outcome of hospitalized patients during first outbreak of dengue in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Acta tropica. 1 Jan 2008; 105(1): 39-44.

Alhaeli A, Bahkali S, Ali A, Househ MS, El-Metwally AA. The epidemiology of Dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review. J Infect Public Health. 2016; 9: 117–124.

Fakeeh M, Zaki AM. Virologic and serologic surveillance for dengue fever in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1994-1999. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001; 65: 764–767.

Aziz AT, Al-Shami SA, Mahyoub JA, Hatabbi M, Ahmad AH, Rawi CS. An update on the incidence of dengue gaining strength in Saudi Arabia and current control approaches for its vector mosquito. Parasit Vectors. 2014; 7: 258.

Al-Azraqi TA, El Mekki AA, Mahfouz AA. Seroprevalence of dengue virus infection in Aseer and Jizan regions, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013; 107: 368–371.

World Health Organization. Handbook for integrated vector management. ). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2012.

Al-Ghamdi KM, Mahyoub JA. Seasonal abundance of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Jeddah Governorate with evaluating its susceptibility to some conventional and non-conventional insecticides. Met Env Arid Land Agri Sci. 2010; 21‏: 147–171.

Katyal R, Tewari P, Rahman SJ, Pajni HR, Kumar K, Gill KS. Susceptibility status of immature and adult stages of Aedes aegypti against conventional insecticides in Delhi, India. Dengue Bull. 2001; 25: 84–87.

Saleh MS, Kelada NL, El Meniawi FA, Zahran HM. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as sustained – release formulations against the mosquito Culex pipiens with special reference to the larvacidal effects of the bacterial agent in combination with three chemical insecticides. Alex J Agric Res. 2003; 48: 53–60.

Nazny WA, Lee HL, Azhari AH. Adult and larval insecticide susceptibility status of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquitoes in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Trop Biomed. 2005; 22: 63–68.

Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Bhakdeenuan P, Champoosn J. Field evaluation of Novaluron, A chitin synthesis inhibitor larvicide, against mosquito larvae in polluted water in urban areas of Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2007; 38: 434–438.

Morales D, Ponce P, Cevallos V, Espinosa P, Vaca D, Quezada W. Resistance status of Aedes aegypti to deltamethrin, malathion, and temephos in Ecuador. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2019; 35: 113–122.

Panlawat A, Scott JE, Harrington LC. Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes allopictus across Thailand. J Med Ent. 2005; 42: 821–825.

Dia I, Diagne CT, Ba Y, Diallo D, Konate L, Diallo M. Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti populations from Senegal and Cape Verde Archipelago. Parasites & vectors. 1 Dec 2912; 5(1): 238.

Bandyopadhyay P, Sathe M, Tikar SN, Yadav R, Sharma P, Kumar A, Kaushik MP. Synthesis of some novel phosphorylated and thiophosphorylated benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles and their evaluation for larvicidal potential to Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014; 24: 2934–2939.

Aziz AT, Mahyoub JA, Rehman H, Saggu S, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Alrefaei MSS, Nicoletti M, Wei H, Canale A, Benelli G. Insecticide susceptibility in larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2016; 6: 390–395.

Alghamdi TS, Alghamdi KM, Mahyoub JA. Molting inhibitory and lethal effect of two juvenile hormone analogues on Culex pipiens L. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2017; 5: 217–220.

Maestre-Serrano R, Gomez-Camargo D, Ponce-Garcia G, Flores AE. Susceptibility to insecticides and resistance mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Colombian Caribbean Region. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2014; 116: 63–73.

Imam H, Zarnigar GS, Seikh A. The basic rules and methods of mosquito rearing (Aedes aegypti). Trop Parasitol. 2014; 4: 53–55.

World Health Organization. Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides (No WHO/VBC. 81.807). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1981.

Litchfield JJ, Wilcoxon F. A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 1 Jun 1949; 96(2): 99-113.

Abbott WS. J Econ Entomol. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 1925; 18: 265-7.

Finney DJ. Probit analysis, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 1971.

Al-Ghamdi KMS, Al-Fifi ZI, Saleh MS, Al-Qhtani HA, Mahyoub JA. Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti the vector of dengue fever, in Jeddah governorate, Saudi Arabia. Biosci Biotech Res Asia. 2008; 5: 501–506.

Ware GW. The pesticide book (5th ed.). Stamford: Thomson Corp. [32]. 2000.

Mahyoub JA, Alsobhi AS, Al-Ghamdi K., Khatte NA, Al-Shami SA, Panneerselvam C, Murugan K, Nicoletti M, Canale A, Benelli G. Effectiveness of seven mosquito larvicides against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens (L.) in Saudi Arabia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2016; 6(5): 361-3.