Herbal snuff (AK-47 and HAM) induce oxidative stress and increase acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity in rat brain

Bawa Yusuf  Muhammad; Sulaiman Abdullahi  Barau; Moses Zira  Zaruwa; Rabo  Maikefi

doi:10.30574/gscbps.2021.17.3.0355

Authors

Bawa Yusuf Muhammad Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria.
Sulaiman Abdullahi Barau Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Nigeria
Moses Zira Zaruwa Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria.
Rabo Maikefi Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.17.3.0355

Keywords:

Snuff, Brain Cognitive function, Antioxidants, Acetylcholinesterase enzyme, Smokeless tobacco

Abstract

Snuff has resurfaced not only in western countries but in Africa including Nigeria. It is now almost generally acceptable, among young and old in Nigeria. This research was designed to investigate the Effect of Hajiya Aisha Manpower (HAM) and AK-47 on Antioxidant Status and Acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity (AchE) of Wister Albino Rats. Thirty (30) Wister rats (110-120 g) were arbitrarily divided into five groups. Group1 (control); received only distilled water. Groups 2 and 3 (received 6 mg and 3 mg/kg b.w.t of HAM respectively). Groups 4 and 5 (received 6 mg and 3 mg/kg b.w.t AK-47 of respectively). After two months of treatments, the rats were anesthetized, blood samples were taken through heart puncture and brains of all rats were isolated and homogenized. The Result revealed Non-significant decrease in Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and concomitant increase in GSH levels in treatment groups were observed in relation to the control. While a substantial increase (p˂ 0.5) in MDA was detected in treatment groups. Brain AchE activity increased significantly in all treatment groups in relation to the control. We conclude that Both AK-47 and HAM at high concentration induce oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and promote degradation of acetylcholine in rat brain homogenate.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Phililps D, Katillus D. Smokeless Products Containing Non-Tobacco Plant Materials. Google Patents. 2019.

Khan Z, Suliankatchi RA, Heise TL, Dreger S. Naswar (smokeless tobacco) use and the risk of oral cancer in Pakistan: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2019; 21(1): 32–40.

Muhammad-Kah RS, Pithawalla YB, Boone EL, Wei L, Jones MA, Black RA, et al. A computational model for assessing the population health impact of introducing a modified risk claim on an existing smokeless tobacco product. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019; 16(7): 1264.

Avti PK, Kumar S, Pathak CM, Vaiphei K, Khanduja KL. Smokeless Tobacco Impairs the Antioxidant Defense in Liver, Lung, and Kidney of Rats. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES. 2006; 89(2): 547–53.

Constance J. The use of smokeless tobacco among UK South Asian communities. London Metropolitan University. 2018.

Barr RS, Culhane MA, Jubelt LE, Mufti RS, Dyer MA, Weiss AP, et al. The effects of transdermal nicotine on cognition in nonsmokers with schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric controls. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33(3): 480–90.

Swan GE, Lessov-Schlaggar CN. The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain. Neuropsychology review. 2007; 17(3): 259–73.

Gupta R, Gupta S, Sharma S, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R. Association of smokeless tobacco and cerebrovascular accident: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. Journal of Public Health. 2020; 42(2): e150–7.

Bancessi A, Bancessi Q, Baldé A, Catarino L. Present and potential uses of Moringa oleifera as a multipurpose plant in Guinea-Bissau. South African Journal of Botany. 2020; 129: 206–8.

Saleem A, Saleem M, Akhtar MF, Shahzad M, Jahan S. Moringa rivae leaf extracts attenuate Complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar rats via modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. Inflammopharmacology. 2020; 28(1): 139–51.

Atta AH, Mouneir SM, Nasr SM, Sedky D, Mohamed AM, Atta SA, et al. Phytochemical studies and anti-ulcerative colitis effect of Moringa oleifera seeds and Egyptian propolis methanol extracts in a rat model. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2019; 9(3): 98.

Muhammad BY, Shaban NZ, Elrashidy FH, Ghareeb DA. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Activities of Combretum glutinosum and Gardenia aqualla Extracts in vitro. Free Radicals and Antioxidants. 2019; 9(2): 66–72.

Marklund SL. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and other superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tissues from nine mammalian species. Biochemical Journal. 1984; 222(3): 649–55.

Paglia DE, Konrad PN, Wolff JA, Valentine WN. Biphasic reaction kinetics in an anomalous isozyme of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1976; 73(3): 395–405.

Jollow DJ, Mitchell JR, Zampaglione N, Gillette JR. Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3, 4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite. Pharmacology. 1974; 11(3): 151–69.

Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical biochemistry. 1979; 95(2): 351–8.

Hiroaki O, Kazuyo S, Nobuyuki N, Akio N. New enzymatic assay of cholinesterase activity. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1977; 80(1): 87–94.

Agarwal P, Bagewadi A, Keluskar V, Vinuth DP. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase antioxidant enzymes in chronic tobacco smokers and chewers: a case–control study. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2019; 30(2): 219.

Hallit S, Hallit R, Haddad C, Youssef L, Zoghbi M, Costantine R, et al. Previous, current, and cumulative dose effect of waterpipe smoking on LDL and total cholesterol. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26(8): 8194–201.

Jamal A, Phillips E, Gentzke AS, Homa DM, Babb SD, King BA, et al. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2018; 67(2): 53.

Kılınç M, Okur E, Yıldırım İ, İnanç F. The investigation of the effect of Marafl powder (smokeless tobacco) on hematological parameters. Turkish journal of haematology: official journal of Turkish Society of Haematology. 2004; 21(3): 131–6.

Akhoon BA, Choudhary S, Tiwari H, Kumar A, Barik MR, Rathor L, et al. Discovery of a New Donepezil-like Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor for Targeting Alzheimer’s Disease: Computational Studies with Biological Validation. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2020; 60(10): 717–29.

Sadeghi L, Yekta R, Dehghan G. The inhibitory effects of bile acids on catalytic and non‑catalytic functions of acetylcholinesterase as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2020; 80: 108–16.

Bhattacharya D, Fujihashi A, Majrashi M, Bloemer J, Bhattacharya S, Buabeid M, et al. Concurrent nicotine exposure to prenatal alcohol consumption alters the hippocampal and cortical neurotoxicity. Heliyon. 2020; 6(1): e03045.

Cavalcante SF de A, Simas AB, Barcellos MC, de Oliveira VG, Sousa RB, Cabral PA de M, et al. Acetylcholinesterase: the “Hub” for neurodegenerative diseases and chemical weapons convention. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(3): 414.

Trang A, Khandhar PB. Physiology, acetylcholinesterase. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020.