Phytochemicals and phyto-disinfectant properties of citrus species (Citrus limon, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus sinensis) for pond water purification

Banke Mary Okunlola; Udeme Joshua Josiah Ijah; Jonathan Yisa; Olabisi Peter Abioye

doi:10.30574/gscbps.2019.8.2.0139

Authors

Banke Mary Okunlola Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State.
Udeme Joshua Josiah Ijah Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State.
Jonathan Yisa Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State.
Olabisi Peter Abioye Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2019.8.2.0139

Keywords:

Antimicrobial, Citrus limon, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus sinensis, Drinking water, Phytochemicals

Abstract

The health concern associated with the use of chemical disinfectant in water purification has necessitated the search of safe and effective water treatment agents from natural sources. The leaf, stem, seed and bark of Citrus limon, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus sinensis were investigated for phytochemicals and disinfectant properties on contaminated pond water at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/L. Microbial quality of the water sample was investigated at 12 hrs interval. The leaf and bark of C. aurantifolia and the bark of C. limon contains all the phytochemicals tested. Steroids and alkaloids were present in all parts of the plant. Cardiac glycosides and terpenes were present in all parts of Citrus sinensis. A total of 10 different bacteria isolates were identified from ponds water sample. The stem of Citrus aurantifolia completely eliminated the total viable count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count after 12 h. The leaf, bark and seed of C. aurantifolia at 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/L, leaf and bark of C. limon and C. sinensis at 0.1-0.5 g/L eliminated the various bacteria after 24 hours. However, the stem and seed of C. limon were less active; only concentrations of 0.4 and 0.5g/L eliminated the organism after 24 h of treatment. The plant materials had minimum inhibitory concentration in the ranged of 16 and 128 mg/g and minimum bactericidal concentrations in the ranged 16 and 256 mg/g against all the isolates. It is concluded that the leaf, stem bark and seed of citrus species contains various phytochemicals and have the potentials to serve as a disinfectant for water treatment.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Jodi ML, Birnin-Yauri UA, Yahaya Y and Sokoto MA. (2012). The use of some plants in water purification. Global Advanced Research Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences, 1(4), 71-75.

Kihampa C, Mwegoha WJS, Kaseva ME and Marobhe N. (2011). Performance of Solanum incunum L. as natural coagulant and disinfectant for drinking water. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5(10), 867-872.

UNICEF/WHO. (2012). Joint monitoring program for water supply and sanitation estimates for the use of improved drinking-water sources Ethiopia. 13.

Megersa M, Beyene A, Ambelu A and Woldeab B. (2014). The use of indigenous plant species for drinking water treatment in developing countries: a review. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 5(3), 269-281.

WHO. (World Health Organization) (2011). Evaluating household water treatment options: Health-based targets and microbiological performance specifications, Geneva.

Bashir L, Shittu OK, Sani S, Busari MB and Adeniyi KA. (2015). African natural products with potential antitrypanosoma properties: A review. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 7(2), 45-79.

Lawal B, Shittu OK, Kabiru AY, Jigam AA, Umar MB, Berinyuy EB and Alozieuwa BU. (2015). Potential antimalarials from African natural products: A review. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 4(4), 318-343.

Yongabi KA. (2010). Biocoagulants for water and waste water purification: a review. International Review of Chemical Engineering, 2, 444-458.

Lawal B, Shittu OK, Oibiokpa IF, Mohammed H, Umar SI and Haruna GM. (2016). Antimicrobial evaluation, acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of Allium sativum. Journal of Acute Disease, 5(4), 296–301.

Tsado AN, Lawal B, Ossai PC, Jagaba A, Gwadabe NK, Jiya AG, Umar AM and Oladunjoye JO. (2016). Antioxidants and antimicrobial activities of methanol extract of Newbouldia laevis and Crateva adansonii. Journal of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, 6, 14-19.

Bichi MH. (2013). A Review of the applications of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment. Civil and Environmental Research, 3(8), 1-10.

Edogbanya PRO, Ocholi OJ and Apeji Y. (2013). A review on the use of plants’ seeds as biocoagulants in the purification of water. Continental Journal of Biological Science, 6(2), 26 – 32.

Azhari AMN. (2017). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of cultivated medicinal plants Citrus paradise. Chemistry Research Journal, 2(2), 73-77.

Okwi DE and Emenike IN. (2006). Evaluation of the phytonutrients and vitamins contents of citrus fruits. International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences, 2(1), 1-6.

Okwu DE. (2008). Citrus fruits: a rich source of phytochemicals and their roles in human health. International Journal of Chemistry and Science, 6(2), 451-471.

Harborne JB. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern technique of plant analysis. 3rd Edn, Springer, London, 88-185.

Trease GE and Evans WC. (1983). Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 12th Edn., Bailliere Tindall, London, 34.

American Public Health Association (APHA) (1999). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewaters, 20th ed., APHA, Washington D.C, 1134.

Vandepitte J, Verhaegen J, Engbaek K, Rohner P, Piot P and Heuck CC. (2003). Basic laboratory procedures in clinical bacteriology 2nd ed. World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland, 42-59.

Cheesbrough M. (2008). District laboratory practice in tropical countries part 2. Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, India, 62-70.

McConnachie GL, Folkard GK and Mtawali MA. (1999). Sutherland JP. Field Trials of Appropriate Hydraulic Flocculation Processes. Water Research, 33 (6), 1425-1434.

Eloff JN. (1998). A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Medica, 64, 711–3.

Adeniyi KA, Olayemi IK, Shittu KO, Busari MB, Mohammed SS, Bashir L and Yusuf RS. (2015). Comparative phytochemical and antinutritional constituents of Nigeria sweet and bitter honey varieties. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 5(3), 255-267.

Tsado NA, Lawal B, Santali ES, Mohammed AS, Balarabe MM, Ibrahim HA and George JJ. (2015). Phytochemicals and acute toxicity profile of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Crateva adansonii leaves in Swiss Albino rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, 10 (4), 173-179.

Ibrahim AM, Lawal B, Tsado NA, Yusuf AA and Jimoh AM. (2015). Phytochemical screening and GC-MS determination of bioactive constituents from methanol leaf extract of Senna occidentalis. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3(12), 992-995.

Craig EJ. (2002). Phytochemical guardians of our health. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 97(2), 199-204.

Lawal B, Shittu OK, Oibiokpa FI, Berinyuy EB and Muhammed H. (2016). African natural products with potential antioxidants and hepatoprotectives properties: a review. Clinical Phytoscience, 2(23), 1-66.

Adesegun SA and Coker HAB. (2001). Plants used in traditional medicine against malaria. Nigeria J. Pharma. 32, 50-62.

Javed S, Javaid A, Nawaz S, Saeed MK, Mahmood Z, Siddiqui SZ and Ahmad R. (2014). Phytochemistry, GC-MS analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of essential oil from five citrus species. Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(3), 201-208.

Lawal B, Ossai PC, Shittu OK and Abubakar AN. (2014). Evaluation of phytochemicals, proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional compositions of yam peel, maize chaff and bean coat. International Journal of Applied Biological Research, 6(2), 1-17.

Prasai T, Lekhak B, Joshi DR and Baral MP. (2007). Microbiological analysis of drinking water of Kathmandu Valley. Scientific World, 5, 112–114.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1993). Guideline of drinking water quality, 2nd ed. Health criteria and other supporting information. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 162.

European Union (EU). (1998). Council directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption. J. Eur. Communit. 330, 32–54.

Pritcharda T, Mkandawireb A, Edmondsona JG, O’Neillc G and Kululang. (2009). Potential of using plant extracts for purification of shallow well water in Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34, 799–805.

Yongabi KA, Lewis DM and Harris PL. (2011). Application of phytodisinfectants in water purification in rural Cameroun. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(6), 628-635.

Ojekunle ZO, Ufoegbune GC, Oyebamiji FF, Sangowusi RO, Taiwo AM and Ojekunle VO. (2014). Assessment of the effect of commercial activities on the surface water quality of Ogun River, Nigeria. Merit Research Journal of Environmental Sciences and Toxicology, 2(9), 196-204.

Ichor T, Umeh EC and Duru EE. (2014). Microbial contamination of surface water sources in rural areas of guma local government area of Benue State, Nigeria, Medical Sciences and Public Health, 2(2), 43-51.

Yusuf AA, Lawal B, Abubakar AN, Berinyuy EB, Omonije YO, Umar SI, Shebe MN and Alhaji YM. (2018). In-vitro antioxidants, antimicrobial and toxicological evaluation of Nigerian Zingiber officinale. Clinical Phytoscience, 4, 12, 1-8.

Tsado NA, Lawal B, Kontagora GN, Muhammad BM, Yahaya MA, Gboke JA, Muhammad UA and Hassan MK. (2016). Antioxidants and antimicrobial- activities of methanol leaf extract of Senna occidentalis. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 8(2), 1-7.

Ibrahim AM, Lawal B, Abubakar AN, Tsado NA, Kontagora GN, Gboke GA and Berinyuy EB. (2017). Antimicrobial and free radical scavenging potentials of n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Phyllanthus fraternus. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 25(2), 06-11.

Amandeep S, Ahmed R, Bilal and Anil D. (2009). In vitro antibiotic activity of isolated volatile oil of Citrus sinensis. International Journal Pharma Research Development, 1(7), 1-4.

Ekwenye UN and Edeha OV. (2010). The anti-bacterial activity of crude leaf extract of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange). Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci, 1(4), 742-750.

Fisher K and Phillips C. (2008). Potential antimicrobial uses of essential oils in food: is citrus the answer? Trends in Food Science and Technology, 19, 156–164.