Evaluation of phytochemicals and activity index of some plant leaf extracts on typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from selected hospitals in Bauchi, Nigeria

Abstract

The pytochemicals and activity index evaluation was done for antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Cymbopogan citratus, Psidium guajava and Anacadium occidentale on clinical isolates of typhoidal and non typhoidal Salmonella. The typhoidal Salmonella isolates where S. typhi and S. paratyphi A, while non typhoidal was S. typhimurium. Well diffusion method was used. The activity of extracts was compared with that of orthodox drugs commonly used for the treatment of typhoid and non-typhoid salmonellosis thus; ciprofloxacin (10µg/Disc), amoxicillin (30µg/disc) and chloramphenicol (30µg/Disc) as standard. Phytochemical analysis of extracts was conducted using Trease and Evans methods of 2002. Both methanol and aqueous extracts had significant (p<0.05) in vitro activity Comparison of extract with antibiotics show activity index (AI) as follows: Chloramphenicol have AI≤1 on the salmonella serotypes of both solvent extracts implying that Chloramphenicol is still of use. Amoxacilin have AI>1 on the serotypes indicating that Amoxacilin is resistant to salmonella serotypes tested. Using Ciprofloxacin as a standard, AI varies with serotypes S. paratypi A and S. typimurium have AI≤1 and S. typi have AI>1.Pyhtochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of some bioactive components like alkaloids saponin, tannins, anthraquinones steroid flavonoids glycosides. These properties determined the antimicrobial potential of the extracts. From the findings, it proved that plants crude extracts possess some potential as antibiotics and can be further studied to isolate the compound that is most active and formulated as drug against the disease.